scholarly journals The relative contribution of co-infection to focal infection risk in children

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20122813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Lello ◽  
Stefanie Knopp ◽  
Khalfan A. Mohammed ◽  
I. Simba Khamis ◽  
Jürg Utzinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Host Sex ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Infection Risk Factors

Co-infection is ubiquitous in people in the developing world but little is known regarding the potential for one parasite to act as a risk factor for another. Using generalized linear mixed modelling approaches applied to data from school-aged children from Zanzibar, Tanzania, we determined the strength of association between four focal infections (i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , hookworm and self-reported fever, the latter used as a proxy for viral, bacterial or protozoal infections) and the prevalence or intensity of each of the helminth infections. We compared these potential co-infections with additional risk factors, specifically, host sex and age, socioeconomic status and physical environment, and determined what the relative contribution of each risk factor was. We found that the risk of infection with all four focal infections was strongly associated with at least one other infection, and that this was frequently dependent on the intensity of that other infection. In comparison, no other incorporated risk factor was associated with all focal infections. Successful control of infectious diseases requires identification of infection risk factors. This study demonstrates that co-infection is likely to be one of these principal risk factors and should therefore be given greater consideration when designing disease-control strategies. Future work should also incorporate other potential risk factors, including host genetics which were not available in this study and, ideally, assess the risks via experimental manipulation.

The Iron Biology Status of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients May be a Risk Factor for Development of Infectious Peritonitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwh Aldriwesh ◽  
Noura Al-Dayan ◽  
Jonathan Barratt ◽  
Primrose Freestone
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysate ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Infection Risk Factors

Background Infectious peritonitis is a clinically important condition contributing to the significant mortality and morbidity rates observed in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Although some of the socioeconomic risk factors for PD-associated peritonitis have been identified, it is still unclear why certain patients are more susceptible than others to infection. Methods We examined the molecular components of human peritoneal dialysate (HPD) in an attempt to identify factors that might increase patient susceptibility to infection. Characterization studies were performed on initial and follow-up dialysate samples collected from 9 renal failure patients on PD. Results Our in vitro data showed that peritonitis-causing bacteria grew differently in the patient dialysates. Proteomic analysis identified an association between transferrin presence and infection risk, as peritoneal transferrin was discovered to be iron-saturated, which was in marked contrast to transferrin in blood. Further, use of radioactive iron-labeled transferrin showed peritoneal transferrin could act as a direct iron source for the growth of peritonitis-causing bacteria. We also found catecholamine stress hormones noradrenaline and adrenaline were present in the dialysates and were apparently involved in enhancing the growth of the bacteria via transferrin iron provision. This suggests the iron biology status of the PD patient may be a risk factor for development of infectious peritonitis Conclusions Collectively, our study suggests transferrin and catecholamines within peritoneal dialysate may be indicators of the potential for bacterial growth in HPD and, as infection risk factors, represent possible future targets for therapeutic manipulation.

scholarly journals Investigation of Mediastinitis Due to Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci After Cardiothoracic Surgery

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Van Kerkhove ◽  
Julie Parsonnet ◽  
Michal Weingart ◽  
Lucy S. Tompkins
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Infection Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

Six cases of coagulase-negative staphylococcal mediastinitis were identified in the latter half of 1999. A new preoperative cleansing solution was suspected by hospital staff to be a factor in the outbreak. We evaluated this possible risk factor along with other known and suspected surgical site infection risk factors in this case-control study.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity in the Netherlands: A Comparison of Two Cohorts

Neonatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kasia Trzcionkowska ◽  
Floris Groenendaal ◽  
Peter Andriessen ◽  
Peter H. Dijk ◽  
Frank A.M. van den Dungen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Screening Guideline ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Perinatal Database ◽  
Rop Screening

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains an important cause for preventable blindness. Aside from gestational age (GA) and birth weight, risk factor assessment can be important for determination of infants at risk of (severe) ROP. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Prospective, multivariable risk-analysis study (NEDROP-2) was conducted, including all infants born in 2017 in the Netherlands considered eligible for ROP screening by pediatricians. Ophthalmologists provided data of screened infants, which were combined with risk factors from the national perinatal database (Perined). Clinical data and potential risk factors were compared to the first national ROP inventory (NEDROP-1, 2009). During the second period, more strict risk factor-based screening inclusion criteria were applied. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of 1,287 eligible infants, 933 (72.5%) were screened for ROP and matched with the Perined data. Any ROP was found in 264 infants (28.3% of screened population, 2009: 21.9%) and severe ROP (sROP) (stage ≥3) in 41 infants (4.4%, 2009: 2.1%). The risk for any ROP is decreased with a higher GA (odds ratio [OR] 0.59 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54–0.66) and increased for small for GA (SGA) (1.73, 1.11–2.62), mechanical ventilation &#x3e;7 days (2.13, 1.35–3.37) and postnatal corticosteroids (2.57, 1.44–4.66). For sROP, significant factors were GA (OR 0.37 and CI 0.27–0.50), SGA (OR 5.65 and CI 2.17–14.92), postnatal corticosteroids (OR 3.81 and CI 1.72–8.40), and perforated necrotizing enterocolitis (OR 7.55 and CI 2.29–24.48). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In the Netherlands, sROP was diagnosed more frequently since 2009. No new risk factors for ROP were determined in the present study, apart from those already included in the current screening guideline.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. Carcass Contamination in Turkeys Slaughtered in Quebec, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1350-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIE ARSENAULT ◽  
ANN LETELLIER ◽  
SYLVAIN QUESSY ◽  
JEAN-PIERRE MORIN ◽  
MARTINE BOULIANNE
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Estimate Prevalence ◽  
Carcass Contamination ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

An observational study was conducted to estimate prevalence and risk factors for carcass contamination by Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in 60 lots of turkey slaughtered over 10 months in the province of Quebec, Canada. Carcass contamination was evaluated by the carcass rinse technique for about 30 birds per lot. Exposure to potential risk factors was evaluated with questionnaires, meteorological data, and cecal cultures. Multivariable binomial negative regression models were used for risk factor analysis. Prevalence of Salmonella-positive carcasses was 31.2% (95% confidence interval, 22.8 to 39.5%). Variables positively associated (P ≤ 0.05) with the proportion of lot-positive carcasses were ≥0.5% of carcass condemnation due to various pathologies, cecal samples positive for Salmonella, low wind speed during transportation, closure of lateral curtains of truck during transportation, and slaughtering on a weekday other than Monday. When only Salmonella-positive cecal culture lots were considered, the proportion of carcasses positive for Salmonella was significantly higher in lots exposed to a &gt;5°C outside temperature variation during transportation, slaughtered on a weekday other than Monday, and in which ≥4% of carcasses had visible contamination. Prevalence of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was 36.9% (95% confidence interval, 27.6 to 46.3%). The proportion of positive carcasses was significantly higher in lots with Campylobacter-positive cecal cultures and lots undergoing ≥2 h of transit to slaughterhouse. For lots with Campylobacter-positive cecal cultures, variables significantly associated with an increased incidence of carcass contamination were ≥4% of carcasses with visible contamination, crating for ≥8 h before slaughtering, and no antimicrobials used during rearing.

scholarly journals THE RELEVANCE OF THE DEFINITION OF BLASTOCYSTIS SPP. IN ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTS AS POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF PROTOZOAL HUMAN INFECTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1043-1045
Author(s):  
Olga V. Gritsyuk ◽  
K. Yu. Kuznetsova ◽  
A. V. Zagainova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Survival Duration ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Infection Risk Factors ◽  
Protozoal Infection

The most abundant protozoan Blastocystis spp. from human and animal intestines is one of the poor-studied pathogens causing the occurrence of a protozoal infection of the human gastrointestinal tract. In Russia, no Blastocyst invasion is recorded and neither included in the forms of state statistical reporting. The manifestations of the epidemic process of blastocyst can be judged based on a small number of studies. Analysis of clinical observations and literature data indicates a variety of forms, localization, and nature of the infection manifestation. This article is devoted to substantiating the need to detect blastocysts in environmental objects (water, soil, surfaces) as potential risk factors for the occurrence of a protozoal infection. At the same time, the studies both of the survival duration in the external environment and influence of various factors the Blastocystis survival have both the theoretical and practical importance. This information can be used in problems of epidemiology and epizootiology, for developing new methods for Blastocystis elimination, and identifying ways of spreading these parasites. Infection risk factors are sanitary and hygienic problems of environmental objects (geographical, environmental and social factors), profession features, contact with animals, use of contaminated water and food, immigration and travel to tropical countries, as well as people with weakened immune status.

Risk Factors for Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in the Era of Prevention Bundles

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Callister ◽  
Pauline Limchaiyawat ◽  
Samantha J. Eells ◽  
Loren G. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Hemodynamic Monitoring ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Infect Control Hosp ◽  
Infection Risk Factors ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Little is known about central line–associated bloodstream infection risk factors in the bundle era. In our case-control investigation, we found that independent risk factors for central line–associated bloodstream infection at our center included the number of recent lab tests, catheter duration, and lack of hemodynamic monitoring as the insertion indication.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–3

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