Prevalence and Risk Factors for Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. Carcass Contamination in Turkeys Slaughtered in Quebec, Canada

An observational study was conducted to estimate prevalence and risk factors for carcass contamination by Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in 60 lots of turkey slaughtered over 10 months in the province of Quebec, Canada. Carcass contamination was evaluated by the carcass rinse technique for about 30 birds per lot. Exposure to potential risk factors was evaluated with questionnaires, meteorological data, and cecal cultures. Multivariable binomial negative regression models were used for risk factor analysis. Prevalence of Salmonella-positive carcasses was 31.2% (95% confidence interval, 22.8 to 39.5%). Variables positively associated (P ≤ 0.05) with the proportion of lot-positive carcasses were ≥0.5% of carcass condemnation due to various pathologies, cecal samples positive for Salmonella, low wind speed during transportation, closure of lateral curtains of truck during transportation, and slaughtering on a weekday other than Monday. When only Salmonella-positive cecal culture lots were considered, the proportion of carcasses positive for Salmonella was significantly higher in lots exposed to a >5°C outside temperature variation during transportation, slaughtered on a weekday other than Monday, and in which ≥4% of carcasses had visible contamination. Prevalence of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was 36.9% (95% confidence interval, 27.6 to 46.3%). The proportion of positive carcasses was significantly higher in lots with Campylobacter-positive cecal cultures and lots undergoing ≥2 h of transit to slaughterhouse. For lots with Campylobacter-positive cecal cultures, variables significantly associated with an increased incidence of carcass contamination were ≥4% of carcasses with visible contamination, crating for ≥8 h before slaughtering, and no antimicrobials used during rearing.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. Carcass Contamination in Broiler Chickens Slaughtered in Quebec, Canada

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1820 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (8) ◽

pp. 1820-1828 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

JULIE ARSENAULT ◽

ANN LETELLIER ◽

SYLVAIN QUESSY ◽

MARTINE BOULIANNE

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Control Measures ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Estimate Prevalence ◽

Carcass Contamination ◽

Campylobacter Spp

An observational study was conducted to estimate prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. carcass contamination in broiler chickens. Eighty-two lots were sampled in four slaughterhouses located in the province of Québec, Canada, over a 10-month period. Carcass contamination was evaluated by the carcass rinse technique for about 30 birds per lot. Exposure to potential risk factors was evaluated based on data from questionnaires, meteorology, and cecal cultures. Multivariable binomial negative regression models were used for risk factor analysis at the lot level. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive carcasses was 21.2% (95% confidence interval: 15.7 to 26.7%). Significant risk factors (P < 0.05) associated with a higher proportion of positive carcasses within lots were Salmonella-positive cecal culture, low rainfall during transportation to the slaughterhouse, temperature of ≥0°C during transportation to the slaughterhouse, and a ≥4-h waiting period in shipping crates before slaughtering. The prevalence of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was 35.8% (95% confidence interval: 27.1 to 44.5%). Lots containing birds with Campylobacter-positive cecal culture results, lots of birds that were slaughtered at the end of the week, and lots with at least 20% of birds with digestive contents detected in the jejunum at time of slaughtering had a significantly higher proportion (P < 0.05) of contaminated carcasses. These results support the importance of preharvest control measures implemented during rearing to reduce contamination of the final product. Weather during transportation to slaughter and the day of the week that birds were slaughtered also were associated with carcass contamination; further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms by which these factors influence carcass contamination.

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Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity in the Netherlands: A Comparison of Two Cohorts

Neonatology ◽

10.1159/000517247 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Kasia Trzcionkowska ◽

Floris Groenendaal ◽

Peter Andriessen ◽

Peter H. Dijk ◽

Frank A.M. van den Dungen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽

Screening Guideline ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Second Period ◽

Perinatal Database ◽

Rop Screening

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains an important cause for preventable blindness. Aside from gestational age (GA) and birth weight, risk factor assessment can be important for determination of infants at risk of (severe) ROP. Methods: Prospective, multivariable risk-analysis study (NEDROP-2) was conducted, including all infants born in 2017 in the Netherlands considered eligible for ROP screening by pediatricians. Ophthalmologists provided data of screened infants, which were combined with risk factors from the national perinatal database (Perined). Clinical data and potential risk factors were compared to the first national ROP inventory (NEDROP-1, 2009). During the second period, more strict risk factor-based screening inclusion criteria were applied. Results: Of 1,287 eligible infants, 933 (72.5%) were screened for ROP and matched with the Perined data. Any ROP was found in 264 infants (28.3% of screened population, 2009: 21.9%) and severe ROP (sROP) (stage ≥3) in 41 infants (4.4%, 2009: 2.1%). The risk for any ROP is decreased with a higher GA (odds ratio [OR] 0.59 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54–0.66) and increased for small for GA (SGA) (1.73, 1.11–2.62), mechanical ventilation >7 days (2.13, 1.35–3.37) and postnatal corticosteroids (2.57, 1.44–4.66). For sROP, significant factors were GA (OR 0.37 and CI 0.27–0.50), SGA (OR 5.65 and CI 2.17–14.92), postnatal corticosteroids (OR 3.81 and CI 1.72–8.40), and perforated necrotizing enterocolitis (OR 7.55 and CI 2.29–24.48). Conclusion: In the Netherlands, sROP was diagnosed more frequently since 2009. No new risk factors for ROP were determined in the present study, apart from those already included in the current screening guideline.

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Influence of Concomitant Polypharmacy on Docetaxel-induced Febrile Neutropenia

Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis ◽

10.21873/cdp.10018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 135-141

Author(s):

KATSUYA MAKIHARA ◽

YUKA SHIMEDA ◽

TOMOKAZU MATSUMURA

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Febrile Neutropenia ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Cytochromes P450 ◽

Cyp3a4 Activity ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Cyp3a4 Inhibitors ◽

Concomitant Medications ◽

Main Factor

Background/Aim: Docetaxel (DTX) is metabolized by liver cytochromes P450 (CYP) 3A4 (CYP3A4) and 3A5 (CYP3A5) CYP3A4 activity is considered the main factor affecting the effectiveness in DTX clearance. We, therefore, explored the association between DTX-induced febrile neutropenia (FN) and concomitant polypharmacy involving CYP3A4 inhibitors in cancer patients. Patients and Methods: Among patients who received docetaxel, we compared the number of concomitant medications between patients with and without FN, and risk factors associated with FN were identified. Results: The total number of concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors and substrates used was significantly higher in patients with FN [mean: 2.1 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.5-2.9)] than in those without FN [mean: 1.4 (95% CI=1.0-1.8)] (p=0.01). The only risk factor for FN was the use of ≥2 concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors and substrates in total (OR=4.82, 95% CI=1.77-14.1; p=0.002). Conclusion: Polypharmacy involving CYP3A4 inhibitors and substrates increases the risk of DTX-induced FN.

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Risk factors, outcomes and mechanisms of tigecycline non-susceptibleKlebsiella pneumoniaebacteremia

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01503-16 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. AAC.01503-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chih-Han Juan ◽

Yi-Wei Huang ◽

Yi-Tsung Lin ◽

Tsuey-Ching Yang ◽

Fu-Der Wang

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Medical Center ◽

Attributable Mortality ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Matched Case ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

A rise in tigecycline resistance inKlebsiella pneumoniaehas been reported recently worldwide. We aim to identify risk factors, outcomes, and mechanisms for adult patients with tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaebacteremia in Taiwan. We conducted a matched case-control study (ratio of 1:1) in a medical center in Taiwan from January 2011 through June 2015. The cases were patients with tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaebacteremia, and the controls were patients with tigecycline susceptibleK. pneumoniaebacteremia. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the potential risk factors for tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaebacteremia. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to analyzeacrA,oqxA,ramA,rarA,andkpgAexpression among these isolates. A total of 43 cases were matched with 43 controls. The 14-day mortality of patients with tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaebacteremia was 30.2%, and the 28-day mortality was 41.9%. The attributable mortality of tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaeat 14 days and 28 days was 9.3% and 18.6%, respectively. Fluoroquinolone use within 30 days prior to bacteremia was the only independent risk factor for tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaebacteremia. Tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaewere mostly caused by overexpression of AcrAB and/or OqxAB efflux pumps, together with the upregulation of RamA and/or RarA respectively. One isolate has isolated overexpression ofkpgA. In conclusion, tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniaebacteremia was associated with high mortality and prior fluoroquinolone use was the independent risk factor for acquisition of tigecycline non-susceptibleK. pneumoniae. The overexpression of AcrAB and/or OqxAB contributes to tigecycline non-susceptibility inK. pneumoniae.

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Abstract WP236: The Urban-Rural Divide: Risk Factor Prevalence in Ischemic Stroke Patients Across Two Decades

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Dinesh V Jillella ◽

Sara Crawford ◽

Anne S Tang ◽

Rocio Lopez ◽

Ken Uchino

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Regression Models ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Stroke Risk Factor ◽

Risk Factor Prevalence ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Artery Disease

Introduction: Regional disparities exist in stroke incidence and stroke related mortality in the United States. We aimed to elucidate the stroke risk factor prevalence trends based on urban versus rural location. Methods: From the National Inpatient Sample database the comorbid stroke risk factors were collected among hospitalized ischemic stroke patients during 2000-2016. Crude and age-and sex-standardized prevalence estimates were calculated for each risk factor during the time periods 2000-2008 and 2009-2016. We compared risk factor prevalence over the defined time periods using regression models, and differences in risk factor trends based on patient location categorized as urban (metropolitan with population of ≥ 1 million) and rural (neither micropolitan or metropolitan) using interaction terms in the regression models. Results: Stroke risk factor prevalence significantly increased from 2000-2008 to 2009-2016. When stratified based on patient location, most risk factors increased in both urban and rural groups. In the crude model, the urban to rural trend difference across 2000-08 and 2009-16 was significant in hypertension (p<0.0001), hyperlipidemia (p=0.0008), diabetes mellitus (p<0.0001), coronary artery disease (p<0.0001), smoking (p<0.0001) and alcohol (p=0.02). With age and sex standardization, the urban to rural trend difference was significant in hypertension (p<0.0001), hyperlipidemia (p=0.0007), coronary artery disease (p=0.01) and smoking (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of vascular risk factors among ischemic stroke patients has increased over the last two decades. There exists an urban-rural divide, with rural patients showing larger increases in prevalence of several risk factors compared to urban patients.

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Risk factors for blood-contaminated cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105192 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 186 (16) ◽

pp. e8-e8

Author(s):

Aran Nagendran ◽

Daniel Sanchez-Masian ◽

Erika Bersan ◽

Camilla Jayne Cooper ◽

Rita Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Fluid Collection ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Blood Contamination ◽

Potential Risk Factors

ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors for blood contamination during cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection in dogs.Study design and methodsThis is a prospective study of 170 CSF samples. Data collected included signalment of the patient, body condition score, site of CSF collection (cerebellomedullary cistern (CMC) or lumbar cistern (LC)), number of attempts, clinician expertise, final diagnosis, time of day, skull conformation and day of the week. Analysis of the CSF samples was then performed, and the presence of blood contamination (red blood cells >500/µl) was recorded. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association of potential risk factors of the procedure. Multivariate analysis was performed on the variables that were statistically significant.ResultsOf the 170 CSF samples, 53 per cent were collected from the CMC (n=90) and 47 per cent from the LC (n=80). Blood contamination was seen in 20 per cent (n=34) of the samples, 8.9 per cent (n=8) in CMC and 32.5 per cent (n=26) in LC samples. Increased odds of obtaining a contaminated CSF sample were associated with lower level of clinician expertise (odds ratio: 2.5; 95 per cent confidence interval: 0.9–6.7; P=0.046) and with LC versus CMC collection site (odds ratio: 8.1; 95 per cent confidence interval: 2.1–12.9; P=0.001).Clinical significanceThere is increased likelihood of blood contamination when collecting CSF from the LC compared with the CMC site. Increased clinician experience reduced the risk of CSF blood contamination, but none of the other variables examined significantly influenced this.

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Risk factors for mortality in children with Wilms tumor

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi56.4.2016.226-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 226

Author(s):

Yuni Purwanti ◽

Sutaryo Sutaryo ◽

Sri Mulatsih ◽

Pungky Ardani Kusuma

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Wilms Tumor ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

Stage Iii ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Background Wilms tumor is the most common renal malignancy in children (95%) and one of the leading causes of death in children, with high mortality rates in developing countries. Identifying risk factors for mortality is important in order to provide early intervention to improve cure rates.Objective To identify risk factors for mortality in children with Wilms tumor.Methods We performed a case-control study of children (0-18 years of age) with Wilms tumor admitted to Dr. Sardjito Hospital between 2005 and 2012. The case group consisted of children who died of Wilms tumor, whereas the control group were children who survived. Data were collected from medical records. Statistical analyses using Chi-square and logistic regression tests were done to determine odds ratios and 95% CI of the potential risk factors for mortality from Wilms tumor.Results Thirty-five children with Wilms tumor were admitted to Dr. Sardjito Hospital during the study period. Nine (26%) children died and 26 survived. Stage ≥III was a significant risk factor for mortality in chidren with Wilms tumor (OR 62.8; 95%CI 5.6 to 70.5). Age ≥2 years (OR 1.4; 95%CI 0.1 to 14.3) and male sex (OR 1.2; 95%CI 0.1 to 10.8) were not significant risk factors for mortality.Conclusion Stage ≥III is a risk factor for mortality in children with Wilms tumor.

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Potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults. A scoping review, part I: incident and episodic back pain

Chiropractic & Manual Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12998-019-0280-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amber M Beynon ◽

Jeffrey J Hebert ◽

Charlotte Lebouef-Yde ◽

Bruce F Walker

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Back Pain ◽

Young People ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Older Age ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Children And Young Adults

Abstract Background The one-month prevalence of back pain in children and adolescents has been reported at 33, 28 and 48% at ages 9, 13 and 15 respectively. There are many suspected risk factors and triggers of back pain in young people. Objective The purpose of this scoping review was to identify potential risk factors and potential triggers for back pain in young people. The purpose of part I was to identify potential risk factors for incident and episodic back pain in young people. Part II included all eligible studies with unclear or mixed types of back pain. Methods Due to the vast number of studies on “risk factors” for back pain, a two-part scoping review of the literature was chosen as the best way to summarise the evidence. We adhered to the PRISMA-ScR guideline for scoping reviews. General potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults (≤ 24 years) were included, incorporating physical, environmental, and/or physiological factors. A search was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane databases from inception to September 2018, limited to the English language. Within part I, and because of their importance, only the results of the studies that investigated risk factors of incident back pain and back pain episodes are presented. Results The search identified 7356 articles, of which 91 articles were eligible for this scoping review. The majority of the eligible articles had an unclear definition of back pain (results presented in scoping review part II). There were 7 inception cohort studies included and 1 cohort study that met the criteria for part I. The most consistent risk factors for incident and episodic back pain are female sex and older age. Conclusion Due to inconsistent ways of reporting on the type of back pain, no definitive risk factor for back pain has been identified. In general, females often report more symptoms, also for other diseases, and older age is not a useful risk factor as it merely indicates that the onset may not be in childhood. Clearly, the time has come to study the causes of back pain from different angles.

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Risk factors and regional variations of malnutrition among children under 5 in Myanmar: cross-sectional analyses at national and subnational levels

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030894 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e030894 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hnin Thiri Khaing ◽

Shuhei Nomura ◽

Daisuke Yoneoka ◽

Peter Ueda ◽

Kenji Shibuya

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Regional Variations ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Maternal Nutritional Status ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Children Under 5

ObjectiveThe levels, distributions of child malnutrition and its potential risk factors are not very well known in Myanmar. The objectives included in this study were: to estimate the current national and subnational prevalence of four types of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, underweight and overweight) among children under 5 in Myanmar; to identify potential risk factors associated with each type of malnutrition and to investigate how the identified risk factors’ distributions explained the regional disparities in malnutrition prevalence.Design/methodsData from the Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015–2016 were used to estimate the prevalence of four types of malnutrition at both national and subnational levels (15 regions). Logistic regression models were applied to examine the association between each type of malnutrition and its risk factors, including child’s factors, parental social status and household conditions. The risk factor-adjusted prevalence of the malnutrition was estimated at the subnational level based on the estimated parameters from the regression models.ResultsThe national prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and overweight in children under 5 was estimated to be 29.1% (95% CI 27.7% to 30.6%), 6.8% (6.0% to 7.6%), 18.3% (17.0% to 19.5%) and 1.5% (1.1% to 1.9%), respectively. Substantial regional variations in the prevalence of each type of malnutrition were observed. Several risk factors of each type of malnutrition were identified, including low birth weight (LBW) and inadequate maternal nutritional status. Except for overweight, regional variations largely persisted even after adjustment for the risk factors investigated.ConclusionThe prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 is still high in Myanmar, most commonly stunting. Targeted interventions aimed at prevention of LBW, improving the maternal nutritional status, in addition to other sociodemographic conditions should be encouraged urgently. Further research is necessary to investigate the potential sources of regional variation in prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 in the country.

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The Relationship Between Anxiety and Incident Agitation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-200516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 1119-1127

Author(s):

Kathy Y. Liu ◽

Harry Costello ◽

Suzanne Reeves ◽

Robert Howard ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Regression Models ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Neuropsychiatric Symptom ◽

Positive Linear Relationship ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

The Relationship

Background: Agitation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been hypothesized to be an expression of anxiety, but whether anxiety early in the course of dementia could be a risk factor for developing later agitation is unknown. Objective: We used the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database to examine the longitudinal relationship between anxiety and incident agitation in individuals with a diagnosis of AD at baseline or during follow-up. Methods: Longitudinal neuropsychiatric symptom data from AD individuals who were agitation-free at study baseline (N = 272) were analyzed using mixed effects regression models to test the longitudinal relationship between baseline and incident anxiety with incident agitation. Results: Anxiety at baseline was not associated with subsequent agitation, but there was a positive linear relationship between incident anxiety and agitation over the study duration. Baseline apathy and delusions were consistently associated with subsequent agitation and greater disease severity and illness duration also appeared to be risk factors for agitation. Conclusion: Our findings support the concept that anxiety and agitation are likely to be distinct rather than equivalent constructs in mild-moderate AD. Future longitudinal cohort studies are needed to replicate these findings and further characterize potential risk factors for agitation, such as apathy and delusions.

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