scholarly journals Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1775) ◽  
pp. 20132479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Fabricius ◽  
G. De'ath ◽  
S. Noonan ◽  
S. Uthicke
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
Marine Communities

The ecological effects of ocean acidification (OA) from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on benthic marine communities are largely unknown. We investigated in situ the consequences of long-term exposure to high CO 2 on coral-reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities around three shallow volcanic CO 2 seeps in Papua New Guinea. The densities of many groups and the number of taxa (classes and phyla) of macroinvertebrates were significantly reduced at elevated CO 2 (425–1100 µatm) compared with control sites. However, sensitivities of some groups, including decapod crustaceans, ascidians and several echinoderms, contrasted with predictions of their physiological CO 2 tolerances derived from laboratory experiments. High CO 2 reduced the availability of structurally complex corals that are essential refugia for many reef-associated macroinvertebrates. This loss of habitat complexity was also associated with losses in many macroinvertebrate groups, especially predation-prone mobile taxa, including crustaceans and crinoids. The transition from living to dead coral as substratum and habitat further altered macroinvertebrate communities, with far more taxa losing than gaining in numbers. Our study shows that indirect ecological effects of OA (reduced habitat complexity) will complement its direct physiological effects and together with the loss of coral cover through climate change will severely affect macroinvertebrate communities in coral reefs.

scholarly journals The other ocean acidification problem: CO 2 as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1627) ◽  
pp. 20120442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean D. Connell ◽  
Kristy J. Kroeker ◽  
Katharina E. Fabricius ◽  
David I. Kline ◽  
Bayden D. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Near Future

Predictions concerning the consequences of the oceanic uptake of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) have been primarily occupied with the effects of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms, particularly those critical to the formation of habitats (e.g. coral reefs) or their maintenance (e.g. grazing echinoderms). This focus overlooks direct and indirect effects of CO 2 on non-calcareous taxa that play critical roles in ecosystem shifts (e.g. competitors). We present the model that future atmospheric [CO 2 ] may act as a resource for mat-forming algae, a diverse and widespread group known to reduce the resilience of kelp forests and coral reefs. We test this hypothesis by combining laboratory and field CO 2 experiments and data from ‘natural’ volcanic CO 2 vents. We show that mats have enhanced productivity in experiments and more expansive covers in situ under projected near-future CO 2 conditions both in temperate and tropical conditions. The benefits of CO 2 are likely to vary among species of producers, potentially leading to shifts in species dominance in a high CO 2 world. We explore how ocean acidification combines with other environmental changes across a number of scales, and raise awareness of CO 2 as a resource whose change in availability could have wide-ranging community consequences beyond its direct effects.

scholarly journals Long-term continuous atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> measurements at Baring Head, New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3109-3117 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Brailsford ◽  
B. B. Stephens ◽  
A. J. Gomez ◽  
K. Riedel ◽  
S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Instrumental Precision

Abstract. We present descriptions of the in situ instrumentation, calibration procedures, intercomparison efforts, and data filtering methods used in a 39-yr record of continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations made at Baring Head, New Zealand. Located on the southern coast of the North Island, Baring Head is exposed to extended periods of strong air flow from the south with minimal terrestrial influence resulting in low CO2 variability. The site is therefore well suited for sampling air masses that are representative of the Southern Ocean region. Instrumental precision is better than 0.015 ppm (1-σ) on 1-Hz values. Comparisons to over 600 co-located flask samples, as well as laboratory based flask and cylinder comparison exercises, suggest that over recent decades compatibility with respect to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) CO2 scales has been 0.3 ppm or better.

scholarly journals xFOCE: LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION IN SITU

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-16
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Gattuso ◽  
William Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Methane measurements at Sodankylä, Finland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rigel Kivi ◽  
Huilin Chen ◽  
Juha Hatakka ◽  
Pauli Heikkinen ◽  
Tuomas Laurila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Finnish Meteorological Institute ◽  
Infrared Spectral ◽  
Good Agreement

&lt;p&gt;Carbon dioxide and methane column measurement at the Finnish Meteorological Institute&amp;#8217;s Sodankyl&amp;#228; facility in northern Finland started in early 2009. The measurements have been taken by a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) in the near-infrared spectral region. From the spectra column-averaged abundances of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and other gases are derived. The instrument participates in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON).&amp;#160; Here we present long-term ground based FTS measurements of carbon dioxide and methane and comparisons with satellite borne observations. We find that CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; column amounts have increased by 2.2 &amp;#177; 0.1 ppm/year since the start of the measurements in 2009 and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; column amounts have increased by 7 &amp;#177; 0.4 ppb/year. The measurements are in good agreement with multi-year measurements by the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT): the relative difference in XCH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; has been -0.07 &amp;#177; 0.02 % and the relative difference in XCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has been 0.04 &amp;#177; 0.02 %. Finally we use balloon borne AirCore observations at the Sodankyl&amp;#228; site to provide comparisons between FTS and in situ observations during all seasons.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Adaptation and acclimatization to ocean acidification in marine ectotherms: an in situ transplant experiment with polychaetes at a shallow CO 2 vent system

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1627) ◽  
pp. 20120444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Calosi ◽  
Samuel P. S. Rastrick ◽  
Chiara Lombardi ◽  
Heidi J. de Guzman ◽  
Laura Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Polychaete Species ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Transplant Experiments

Metabolic rate determines the physiological and life-history performances of ectotherms. Thus, the extent to which such rates are sensitive and plastic to environmental perturbation is central to an organism's ability to function in a changing environment. Little is known of long-term metabolic plasticity and potential for metabolic adaptation in marine ectotherms exposed to elevated p CO 2 . Consequently, we carried out a series of in situ transplant experiments using a number of tolerant and sensitive polychaete species living around a natural CO 2 vent system. Here, we show that a marine metazoan (i.e. Platynereis dumerilii ) was able to adapt to chronic and elevated levels of p CO 2 . The vent population of P. dumerilii was physiologically and genetically different from nearby populations that experience low p CO 2 , as well as smaller in body size. By contrast, different populations of Amphiglena mediterranea showed marked physiological plasticity indicating that adaptation or acclimatization are both viable strategies for the successful colonization of elevated p CO 2 environments. In addition, sensitive species showed either a reduced or increased metabolism when exposed acutely to elevated p CO 2 . Our findings may help explain, from a metabolic perspective, the occurrence of past mass extinction, as well as shed light on alternative pathways of resilience in species facing ongoing ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Long-term continuous atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> measurements at Baring Head, New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 5889-5912 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Brailsford ◽  
B. B. Stephens ◽  
A. J. Gomez ◽  
K. Riedel ◽  
S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Instrumental Precision

Abstract. We present a 39-yr record of continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations made at Baring Head, New Zealand using a succession of infrared analyser instruments. We include descriptions of the in situ instrumentation, calibration procedures, intercomparison efforts, and data-filtering methods. Located on the southern coast of the North Island, Baring Head is exposed to extended periods of strong air flow from the south with minimal terrestrial influence resulting in low CO2 variability. The site is therefore well suited for sampling air masses that are representative of the Southern Ocean region. Instrumental precision is better than 0.015 ppm (1-σ) on 1-Hz values and comparisons to over 600 co-located flask samples, as well as laboratory based flask and cylinder comparison exercises, suggests that over recent decades compatibility with respect to the Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO) and World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) CO2 scales has been 0.3 ppm or better.

Impacts of Multiple Stressors on a Benthic Foraminiferal Community: A Long-Term Experiment Assessing Response to Ocean Acidification, Hypoxia and Warming

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Bernhard ◽  
Johannes C. Wit ◽  
Victoria R. Starczak ◽  
David J. Beaudoin ◽  
William G. Phalen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Species Responses ◽  
Combined Impact ◽  
The Impact

Ocean chemistry is changing as a result of human activities. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increasing, causing an increase in oceanic pCO2 that drives a decrease in oceanic pH, a process called ocean acidification (OA). Higher CO2 concentrations are also linked to rising global temperatures that can result in more stratified surface waters, reducing the exchange between surface and deep waters; this stronger stratification, along with nutrient pollution, contributes to an expansion of oxygen-depleted zones (so called hypoxia or deoxygenation). Determining the response of marine organisms to environmental changes is important for assessments of future ecosystem functioning. While many studies have assessed the impact of individual or paired stressors, fewer studies have assessed the combined impact of pCO2, O2, and temperature. A long-term experiment (∼10 months) with different treatments of these three stressors was conducted to determine their sole or combined impact on the abundance and survival of a benthic foraminiferal community collected from a continental-shelf site. Foraminifera are well suited to such study because of their small size, relatively rapid growth, varied mineralogies and physiologies. Inoculation materials were collected from a ∼77-m deep site south of Woods Hole, MA. Very fine sediments (&lt;53 μm) were used as inoculum, to allow the entire community to respond. Thirty-eight morphologically identified taxa grew during the experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that hypoxia was the major driving factor distinguishing the yields, while warming was secondary. Species responses were not consistent, with different species being most abundant in different treatments. Some taxa grew in all of the triple-stressor samples. Results from the experiment suggest that foraminiferal species’ responses will vary considerably, with some being negatively impacted by predicted environmental changes, while other taxa will tolerate, and perhaps even benefit, from deoxygenation, warming and OA.

Enhanced Seasonal Exchange of CO2 by Northern Ecosystems Since 1960

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 341 (6150) ◽  
pp. 1085-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Graven ◽  
R. F. Keeling ◽  
S. C. Piper ◽  
P. K. Patra ◽  
B. B. Stephens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
The North ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Global Carbon

Seasonal variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Northern Hemisphere have increased since the 1950s, but sparse observations have prevented a clear assessment of the patterns of long-term change and the underlying mechanisms. We compare recent aircraft-based observations of CO2 above the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans to earlier data from 1958 to 1961 and find that the seasonal amplitude at altitudes of 3 to 6 km increased by 50% for 45° to 90°N but by less than 25% for 10° to 45°N. An increase of 30 to 60% in the seasonal exchange of CO2 by northern extratropical land ecosystems, focused on boreal forests, is implicated, substantially more than simulated by current land ecosystem models. The observations appear to signal large ecological changes in northern forests and a major shift in the global carbon cycle.

scholarly journals Global soil moisture data derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungmin O. ◽  
Rene Orth
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Soil Moisture Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Soil

AbstractWhile soil moisture information is essential for a wide range of hydrologic and climate applications, spatially-continuous soil moisture data is only available from satellite observations or model simulations. Here we present a global, long-term dataset of soil moisture derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements, SoMo.ml. We train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to extrapolate daily soil moisture dynamics in space and in time, based on in-situ data collected from more than 1,000 stations across the globe. SoMo.ml provides multi-layer soil moisture data (0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, and 30–50 cm) at 0.25° spatial and daily temporal resolution over the period 2000–2019. The performance of the resulting dataset is evaluated through cross validation and inter-comparison with existing soil moisture datasets. SoMo.ml performs especially well in terms of temporal dynamics, making it particularly useful for applications requiring time-varying soil moisture, such as anomaly detection and memory analyses. SoMo.ml complements the existing suite of modelled and satellite-based datasets given its distinct derivation, to support large-scale hydrological, meteorological, and ecological analyses.

scholarly journals A Study of UVER in Santiago, Chile Based on Long-Term In Situ Measurements (Five Years) and Empirical Modelling

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Lisdelys González-Rodríguez ◽  
Amauri Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Lien Rodríguez-López ◽  
Jorge Rosas ◽  
David Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Uv Index ◽  
Empirical Modelling ◽  
The People

Ultraviolet radiation is a highly energetic component of the solar spectrum that needs to be monitored because is harmful to life on Earth, especially in areas where the ozone layer has been depleted, like Chile. This work is the first to address the long-term (five-year) behaviour of ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) in Santiago, Chile (33.5° S, 70.7° W, 500 m) using in situ measurements and empirical modelling. Observations indicate that to alert the people on the risks of UVER overexposure, it is necessary to use, in addition to the currently available UV index (UVI), three more erythema indices: standard erythemal doses (SEDs), minimum erythemal doses (MEDs), and sun exposure time (tery). The combination of UVI, SEDs, MEDs, and tery shows that in Santiago, individuals with skin types III and IV are exposed to harmfully high UVER doses for 46% of the time that UVI indicates is safe. Empirical models predicted hourly and daily values UVER in Santiago with great accuracy and can be applied to other Chilean urban areas with similar climate. This research inspires future advances in reconstructing large datasets to analyse the UVER in Central Chile, its trends, and its changes.

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