scholarly journals Oviposition site choice under conflicting risks demonstrates that aquatic predators drive terrestrial egg-laying

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20150376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Touchon ◽  
Julie L. Worley
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Egg Predation ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Animal Phyla ◽  
Aquatic Predators ◽  
Dendropsophus Ebraccatus ◽  
Desiccation Risk

Laying eggs out of water was crucial to the transition to land and has evolved repeatedly in multiple animal phyla. However, testing hypotheses about this transition has been difficult because extant species only breed in one environment. The pantless treefrog, Dendropsophus ebraccatus , makes such tests possible because they lay both aquatic and arboreal eggs. Here, we test the oviposition site choices of D. ebraccatus under conflicting risks of arboreal egg desiccation and aquatic egg predation, thereby estimating the relative importance of each selective agent on reproduction. We also measured discrimination between habitats with and without predators and development of naturally laid aquatic and arboreal eggs. Aquatic embryos in nature developed faster than arboreal embryos, implying no cost to aquatic egg laying. In choice tests, D. ebraccatus avoided habitats with fish, showing that they can detect aquatic egg predators. Most importantly, D. ebraccatus laid most eggs in the water when faced with only desiccation risk, but switched to laying eggs arboreally when desiccation risk and aquatic predators were both present. This provides the first experimental evidence to our knowledge that aquatic predation risk influences non-aquatic oviposition and strongly supports the hypothesis that it was a driver of the evolution of terrestrial reproduction.

scholarly journals Polarization-based brightness discrimination in the foraging butterfly, Papilio xuthus

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1565) ◽  
pp. 688-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiyo Kinoshita ◽  
Kei Yamazato ◽  
Kentaro Arikawa
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Brightness Discrimination ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Polarization Vision ◽  
Discrimination Test ◽  
Spectral Content ◽  
Papilio Xuthus ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Vector Orientation

The human eye is insensitive to the angular direction of the light e-vector, but several animal species have the ability to discriminate differently polarized lights. How the polarization is detected is often unclear, however. Egg-laying Papilio butterflies have been shown to see false colours when presented with differently polarized lights. Here we asked whether this also holds in foraging butterflies. After training individuals to feed on nectar in front of an unpolarized spectral light, we carried out three dual-choice tests, where the discrimination of (i) the spectral content, (ii) the light intensity, and (iii) the e-vector orientation were investigated. In the first test, the butterflies selected the trained spectrum irrespective of its intensity, and in the second test they chose the light with the higher intensity. The result of the e-vector discrimination test was very similar to that of the second test, suggesting that foraging butterflies discriminate differently polarized lights as differing in brightness rather than as differing in colour. Papilio butterflies are clearly able to use at least two modes of polarization vision depending on the behavioural context.

Cabbage seedpod weevil resistance in canola (Brassica Napus L.) yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and canola × yellow mustard hybrids

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Ross ◽  
Jack Brown ◽  
Joseph P. McCaffrey ◽  
Bradley L. Harmon ◽  
Jim B. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Yellow Mustard ◽  
Ceutorhynchus Obstrictus ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil

Canola, yellow mustard and yellow mustard × canola hybrids were screened for resistance to Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) in a series of greenhouse and laboratory choice tests. Tests were conducted using small and large cages designed to hold Brassica pods or whole plants, respectively, with ovipositing female C. obstrictus. Pods were examined for feeding punctures, eggs laid and exit holes that resulted from emerging larvae. All yellow mustard cultivars examined were highly resistant to C. obstrictus feeding and egg laying. In addition, hybrid lines were found with significantly reduced feeding punctures, oviposition, and exit holes compared with canola. A negative relationship was observed between total glucosinolate content of seed and C. obstrictus resistance; however, in both detached pod and whole plant choice tests, hybrids were identified with high seed glucosinolate content that were more susceptible than the most susceptible canola. The relatively poor association between total seed meal glucosinolate content and C. obstrictus resistance is highly important and plant breeders should be able to develop canola-quality oil and seed meal characteristics with improved C. obstrictus resistance using yellow mustard × canola hybrids. The effect of specific glucosinolate types on C. obstrictus resistance may be more complex than previously thought, and further research will be needed to better understand the relationship between specific glucosinolate types and resistance to C. obstrictus. Key words: Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, cabbage seedpod weevil, insect resistance, glucosinolate

scholarly journals The importance of direct and indirect trophic interactions in determining the presence of a locally rare day-flying moth

Oecologia ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagen M. O’Neill ◽  
Sean D. Twiss ◽  
Philip A. Stephens ◽  
Tom H. E. Mason ◽  
Nils Ryrholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Ecosystem Engineer ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
Flight Season ◽  
Conservation Concern

AbstractEcosystem engineers affect other organisms by creating, maintaining or modifying habitats, potentially supporting species of conservation concern. However, it is important to consider these interactions alongside non-engineering trophic pathways. We investigated the relative importance of trophic and non-trophic effects of an ecosystem engineer, red deer, on a locally rare moth, the transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis). This species requires specific microhabitat conditions, including the foodplant, thyme, and bare soil for egg-laying. The relative importance of grazing (i.e., trophic effect of modifying microhabitat) and trampling (i.e., non-trophic effect of exposing bare soil) by red deer on transparent burnet abundance is unknown. We tested for these effects using a novel method of placing pheromone-baited funnel traps in the field. Imago abundance throughout the flight season was related to plant composition, diversity and structure at various scales around each trap. Indirect effects of red deer activity were accounted for by testing red deer pellet and trail presence against imago abundance. Imago abundance was positively associated with thyme and plant diversity, whilst negatively associated with velvet grass and heather species cover. The presence of red deer pellets and trails were positively associated with imago abundance. The use of these sites by red deer aids the transparent burnet population via appropriate levels of grazing and the provision of a key habitat condition, bare soil, in the form of deer trails. This study shows that understanding how both trophic and non-trophic interactions affect the abundance of a species provides valuable insights regarding conservation objectives.

scholarly journals The Relative Importance of Traits Measured in the Random Sample Egg Laying Tests

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Akira NISHIDA ◽  
Tetsuro KOMIYAMA ◽  
Yukio YAMADA
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Relative Importance

scholarly journals High innate preference for black substrate in the chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina An ◽  
Fan Fan ◽  
Klaus Lunau ◽  
Mengyao Li ◽  
Xiaofan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Condition ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Ambient Light Condition ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
And Control

SummaryThe chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga, is a notorious pest of Allium species in China. Colour trapping is an established method for monitoring and controlling of Bradysia species. In order to clarify the effect of colour preference of B. odoriphaga for the egg-laying substrate, multiple-choice tests were employed to assess the spontaneous response of the chive gnat to different colour hues and brightness levels under different intensities of white illumination and two spectrally different illuminations. Given the choice among four colours differing in hue under different intensities of white illumination and two spectrally different illuminations, chive gnat adults visited preferably the black substrate, a lesser extent to brown and green substrates, and the least extent to orange substrate irrespective of illumination. Given the choice among four levels of brightness under the same illumination conditions as those in the previous experiment (different intensities of white illumination and two spectrally different illuminations), chive gnats preferred black substrate over dark grey, and these over light grey and white substrates. Meanwhile, both virgin and copulated adults significantly preferred black over other colour hues and brightness. Based on our results, we conclude that the chive gnat adults significantly prefer black substrates irrespective of colour hues and brightness. This behaviour does not alter due to ambient light condition changes. No difference observed between choices of female and male adults. Our results provide new insight for understanding the colour choice behaviour in chive gnat and pave a way to improve monitoring and control of chive gnats and management.Summary statementChive gnat (Bradysia odoriphaga) innately prefer to move to black substrate irrespective of colour hues and brightness. This behaviour maintained the ambient lights change.

scholarly journals Oviposition Preference of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) to Common Pulses and Potentiality of Triflumuron as their Protectant

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Saiful Islam ◽  
Fauzia Akhter ◽  
Rezina Laz ◽  
Selina Parween
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Green Peas

Seeds of black grams, lentils, Bengal grams and green peas were soaked separately in aqueous solutions of Triflumuron at doses of 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm. Three day -old adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) were allowed to oviposit on air-dried, treated or untreated pulses of each type and dose in ‘no-choice' and ‘free-choice' tests. Maximum oviposition occurred in Bengal grams (61.00? 0.25) and green peas (33.67? 0.54) in ‘no-choice' and ‘free-choice' tests, respectively. The beetles avoided egg laying on lentils. Maximum egg-hatching occurred on black grams (>90%) in both tests. Minimum developmental time was required in the Bengal grams (30? 0.5 days in ‘no-choice' test and 31.33? 1.23 days in ‘free-choice' test). No adults emerged from green peas, while 54.79% and 86.15% emergence were recorded from untreated black grams in ‘no-choice' and ‘free-choice' tests, respectively. Triflumuron reduced egg-laying significantly in green peas, where hatchability also reduced significantly to 35.99% at 2 ppm in ‘no-choice' test. Percentage of hatching decreased in all pulses with the increasing doses of triflumuron. No adults emerged from the treated green peas in any test, and at 2 ppm the adult emergence declined to < 50% in all pulses. Implications of these results are further discussed.  Key words: Callosobruchus maculatus, Triflumuron, seed protectant, fecundity, hatchability, developmental period, adult emergence   doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2207 J. bio-sci. 15: 83-88, 2007

Predator-Induced Shifts in Mosquito Oviposition Site Selection: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Vector Control

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Vonesh ◽  
Leon Blaustein
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Oviposition Site Selection ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
General Importance ◽  
Mosquito Oviposition ◽  
Aquatic Predators

The global resurgence and emergence of new mosquito-borne diseases and increasing resistance of mosquitoes to chemical pesticides have prompted renewed interest in biocontrol methods that use aquatic predators of mosquito larvae. For disease vectors with complex life cycles, like mosquitoes, in which adults are terrestrial and choose aquatic habitats in which to deposit their offspring, shifts in oviposition site selection may have important consequences for vector population dynamics and epidemiology. While there have been numerous studies of mosquito oviposition site selection, methodology and results vary, making it difficult to evaluate the general importance of predator-induced shifts in oviposition site selection for biocontrol scenarios. Here we use meta-analysis to provide a quantitative framework for examining variation in mosquito oviposition responses to predators. Overall, we find a broad pattern of predator avoidance among mosquito and predator taxa. The primary factor explaining variation in oviposition response appears to be taxonomic and/or life-history related—avoidance is weakest or non-existent inAedesspecies that oviposit eggs above water in container habitats. Responses also varied among predators. Generally, oviposition avoidance was strongest in response to fish and insects, weak or nonexistent in response to notostracans, urodeles, or dipterans, and there is limited evidence that some mosquitoes are attracted to cyclopoid crustaceans. Our results highlight that predator avoidance during oviposition is common, but not ubiquitous, in mosquitoes and needs to be considered when evaluating the likely efficacy of aquatic predators for biocontrol.

scholarly journals Drosophila suzukii avoidance of microbes in oviposition choice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Airi Sato ◽  
Kentaro M. Tanaka ◽  
Joanne Y. Yew ◽  
Aya Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Site Preference ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Oviposition Choice ◽  
Oviposition Site Preference ◽  
Oviposition Substrate ◽  
Oviposition Sites

AbstractWhile the majority of Drosophila species lay eggs onto fermented fruits, females of D. suzukii pierce the skin and lay eggs into ripening fruits using their serrated ovipositors. The changes of oviposition site preference must have accompanied this niche exploitation. In this study, we established an oviposition assay to investigate the effects of commensal microbes deposited by conspecific and heterospecific individuals, and showed that presence of microbes on the oviposition substrate enhances egg-laying of D. melanogaster and D. biarmipes, but discourages that of D. suzukii. This result suggests that a drastic change has taken place in the lineage leading to D. suzukii in how females respond to chemical cues produced by microbes. We also found that hardness of the substrate affects the response to microbial growth, indicating that mechanosensory stimuli interact with chemosensory invoked decisions to select or avoid oviposition sites.

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