scholarly journals Polarization-based brightness discrimination in the foraging butterfly, Papilio xuthus

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1565) ◽  
pp. 688-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiyo Kinoshita ◽  
Kei Yamazato ◽  
Kentaro Arikawa
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Brightness Discrimination ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Polarization Vision ◽  
Discrimination Test ◽  
Spectral Content ◽  
Papilio Xuthus ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Vector Orientation

The human eye is insensitive to the angular direction of the light e-vector, but several animal species have the ability to discriminate differently polarized lights. How the polarization is detected is often unclear, however. Egg-laying Papilio butterflies have been shown to see false colours when presented with differently polarized lights. Here we asked whether this also holds in foraging butterflies. After training individuals to feed on nectar in front of an unpolarized spectral light, we carried out three dual-choice tests, where the discrimination of (i) the spectral content, (ii) the light intensity, and (iii) the e-vector orientation were investigated. In the first test, the butterflies selected the trained spectrum irrespective of its intensity, and in the second test they chose the light with the higher intensity. The result of the e-vector discrimination test was very similar to that of the second test, suggesting that foraging butterflies discriminate differently polarized lights as differing in brightness rather than as differing in colour. Papilio butterflies are clearly able to use at least two modes of polarization vision depending on the behavioural context.

Brightness Discrimination Test Is Not Useful In Screening For Open Angle Glaucoma

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 182???186
Author(s):  
Ellen Peter ◽  
Ravi Thomas ◽  
Jayaprakash Muliyil
Keyword(s):  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Brightness Discrimination ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Discrimination Test

scholarly journals Oviposition site choice under conflicting risks demonstrates that aquatic predators drive terrestrial egg-laying

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20150376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Touchon ◽  
Julie L. Worley
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Egg Predation ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Animal Phyla ◽  
Aquatic Predators ◽  
Dendropsophus Ebraccatus ◽  
Desiccation Risk

Laying eggs out of water was crucial to the transition to land and has evolved repeatedly in multiple animal phyla. However, testing hypotheses about this transition has been difficult because extant species only breed in one environment. The pantless treefrog, Dendropsophus ebraccatus , makes such tests possible because they lay both aquatic and arboreal eggs. Here, we test the oviposition site choices of D. ebraccatus under conflicting risks of arboreal egg desiccation and aquatic egg predation, thereby estimating the relative importance of each selective agent on reproduction. We also measured discrimination between habitats with and without predators and development of naturally laid aquatic and arboreal eggs. Aquatic embryos in nature developed faster than arboreal embryos, implying no cost to aquatic egg laying. In choice tests, D. ebraccatus avoided habitats with fish, showing that they can detect aquatic egg predators. Most importantly, D. ebraccatus laid most eggs in the water when faced with only desiccation risk, but switched to laying eggs arboreally when desiccation risk and aquatic predators were both present. This provides the first experimental evidence to our knowledge that aquatic predation risk influences non-aquatic oviposition and strongly supports the hypothesis that it was a driver of the evolution of terrestrial reproduction.

NOTES ON MATING, OVIPOSITION, ADULT LONGEVITY, AND INCUBATION PERIOD OF EGGS OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER, COLEOPHORA LARICELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE), IN THE LABORATORY

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Quednau
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Coleophora Laricella ◽  
Average Longevity

AbstractMating in Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) took place 1 or 2 days after emergence and was stimulated by decreasing light intensity ranging from 3000 ft-c to 200 ft-c within 2 hours. The female is pro-ovigenic, with peak opposition during the first week. Optimum temperature for egg laying was 70 to 80°F; the average number of eggs deposited was about 66; average longevity of female adults was about 10 days at room temperature, but considerably longer at lower temperatures. A few eggs were laid at 50° and 95°F. Incubation period of the eggs was 12 days at 80° to 85°F and 40 days at 55°F. Hatching of eggs did not occur above 85°F or below 55 °F.

Cabbage seedpod weevil resistance in canola (Brassica Napus L.) yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and canola × yellow mustard hybrids

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Ross ◽  
Jack Brown ◽  
Joseph P. McCaffrey ◽  
Bradley L. Harmon ◽  
Jim B. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Yellow Mustard ◽  
Ceutorhynchus Obstrictus ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil

Canola, yellow mustard and yellow mustard × canola hybrids were screened for resistance to Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) in a series of greenhouse and laboratory choice tests. Tests were conducted using small and large cages designed to hold Brassica pods or whole plants, respectively, with ovipositing female C. obstrictus. Pods were examined for feeding punctures, eggs laid and exit holes that resulted from emerging larvae. All yellow mustard cultivars examined were highly resistant to C. obstrictus feeding and egg laying. In addition, hybrid lines were found with significantly reduced feeding punctures, oviposition, and exit holes compared with canola. A negative relationship was observed between total glucosinolate content of seed and C. obstrictus resistance; however, in both detached pod and whole plant choice tests, hybrids were identified with high seed glucosinolate content that were more susceptible than the most susceptible canola. The relatively poor association between total seed meal glucosinolate content and C. obstrictus resistance is highly important and plant breeders should be able to develop canola-quality oil and seed meal characteristics with improved C. obstrictus resistance using yellow mustard × canola hybrids. The effect of specific glucosinolate types on C. obstrictus resistance may be more complex than previously thought, and further research will be needed to better understand the relationship between specific glucosinolate types and resistance to C. obstrictus. Key words: Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, cabbage seedpod weevil, insect resistance, glucosinolate

Polarization vision in cuttlefish in a concealed communication channel?

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (9) ◽  
pp. 2077-2084
Author(s):  
N Shashar ◽  
P Rutledge ◽  
T Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Polarization Sensitivity ◽  
Polarization Vision ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Polarization Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
Electron Microscopical

Polarization sensitivity is well documented in marine animals, but its function is not yet well understood. Of the cephalopods, squid and octopus are known to be sensitive to the orientation of polarization of incoming light. This sensitivity arises from the orthogonal orientation of neighboring photoreceptors. Electron microscopical examination of the retina of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. revealed the same orthogonal structure, suggesting that cuttlefish are also sensitive to linearly polarized light. Viewing cuttlefish through an imaging polarized light analyzer revealed a prominent polarization pattern on the arms, around the eyes and on the forehead of the animals. The polarization pattern disappeared when individuals lay camouflaged on the bottom and also during extreme aggression display, attacks on prey, copulation and egg-laying behavior in females. In behavioral experiments, the responses of cuttlefish to their images reflected from a mirror changed when the polarization patterns of the reflected images were distorted. These results suggest that cuttlefish use polarization vision and display for intraspecific recognition and communication.

Polarization vision – a uniform sensory capacity?

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (14) ◽  
pp. 2589-2596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Wehner
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Degree Of Polarization ◽  
Polarization Vision ◽  
Terrestrial Habitat ◽  
Spectral Content ◽  
Common Receptor ◽  
Sensory Capacity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

SUMMARYIn this concept paper, three scenarios are described in which animals make use of polarized light: the underwater world, the water surface and the terrestrial habitat vaulted by the pattern of polarized light in the sky. Within these various visual environments, polarized light is used in a number of ways that make quite different demands on the neural circuitries mediating these different types of behaviour. Apart from some common receptor and pre-processing mechanisms, the underlying neural mechanisms may differ accordingly. Often, information about χ (the angle of polarization), d (the degree of polarization) and λ (the spectral content) might not – and need not – be disentangled. Hence, the hypothesis entertained in this account is that polarization vision comes in various guises, and that the answer to the question posed in the title is most probably no.

scholarly journals The Effects of Temperature and of Egg-Laying on the Longevity of Drosophila subobscura

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maynard Smith
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Drosophila Subobscura ◽  
Force Of Mortality ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Favourable Environment ◽  
Rate Of Ageing ◽  
Increasing Temperature

If an outbred population of adult Drosophila is kept from the time of emergence in a uniform and favourable environment there is a fairly protracted initial period during which very few individuals die, followed by a period during which the force of mortality rises rapidly until all individuals are dead. Similar life tables can be obtained for most animal species, provided that the environment is favourable and the population is neither genetically very diverse nor excessively inbred. Such results show that progressive changes take place in individuals, starting at the time of emergence, and that these changes ultimately result in death or render individuals increasingly susceptible to various extrinsic causes of death. As would be expected, in poikilotherms such changes proceed more rapidly at higher temperatures, as is shown by the decrease in the expectation of life with increasing temperature. It was the purpose of the present investigation to discover how far the processes responsible for death in D. subobscura are the same at different temperatures, differing only in the rate at which they proceed, and how far different processes are concerned at different temperatures. The results obtained strongly suggest that different processes are responsible for ageing at different temperatures; they also indicate a connexion between the rate of egg-laying and the rate of ageing, and this possibility has been confirmed by a study of ageing in virgin females and in females lacking ovaries. Reproduced by permission. J. Maynard Smith, The Effects of Temperature and of Egg-Laying on the Longevity of Drosophila subobscura. J. Exp. Biol. 35 , 832-842 (1958).

scholarly journals High innate preference for black substrate in the chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina An ◽  
Fan Fan ◽  
Klaus Lunau ◽  
Mengyao Li ◽  
Xiaofan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Condition ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Ambient Light Condition ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
And Control

SummaryThe chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga, is a notorious pest of Allium species in China. Colour trapping is an established method for monitoring and controlling of Bradysia species. In order to clarify the effect of colour preference of B. odoriphaga for the egg-laying substrate, multiple-choice tests were employed to assess the spontaneous response of the chive gnat to different colour hues and brightness levels under different intensities of white illumination and two spectrally different illuminations. Given the choice among four colours differing in hue under different intensities of white illumination and two spectrally different illuminations, chive gnat adults visited preferably the black substrate, a lesser extent to brown and green substrates, and the least extent to orange substrate irrespective of illumination. Given the choice among four levels of brightness under the same illumination conditions as those in the previous experiment (different intensities of white illumination and two spectrally different illuminations), chive gnats preferred black substrate over dark grey, and these over light grey and white substrates. Meanwhile, both virgin and copulated adults significantly preferred black over other colour hues and brightness. Based on our results, we conclude that the chive gnat adults significantly prefer black substrates irrespective of colour hues and brightness. This behaviour does not alter due to ambient light condition changes. No difference observed between choices of female and male adults. Our results provide new insight for understanding the colour choice behaviour in chive gnat and pave a way to improve monitoring and control of chive gnats and management.Summary statementChive gnat (Bradysia odoriphaga) innately prefer to move to black substrate irrespective of colour hues and brightness. This behaviour maintained the ambient lights change.

scholarly journals Oviposition Preference of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) to Common Pulses and Potentiality of Triflumuron as their Protectant

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Saiful Islam ◽  
Fauzia Akhter ◽  
Rezina Laz ◽  
Selina Parween
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Green Peas

Seeds of black grams, lentils, Bengal grams and green peas were soaked separately in aqueous solutions of Triflumuron at doses of 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm. Three day -old adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) were allowed to oviposit on air-dried, treated or untreated pulses of each type and dose in ‘no-choice' and ‘free-choice' tests. Maximum oviposition occurred in Bengal grams (61.00? 0.25) and green peas (33.67? 0.54) in ‘no-choice' and ‘free-choice' tests, respectively. The beetles avoided egg laying on lentils. Maximum egg-hatching occurred on black grams (>90%) in both tests. Minimum developmental time was required in the Bengal grams (30? 0.5 days in ‘no-choice' test and 31.33? 1.23 days in ‘free-choice' test). No adults emerged from green peas, while 54.79% and 86.15% emergence were recorded from untreated black grams in ‘no-choice' and ‘free-choice' tests, respectively. Triflumuron reduced egg-laying significantly in green peas, where hatchability also reduced significantly to 35.99% at 2 ppm in ‘no-choice' test. Percentage of hatching decreased in all pulses with the increasing doses of triflumuron. No adults emerged from the treated green peas in any test, and at 2 ppm the adult emergence declined to < 50% in all pulses. Implications of these results are further discussed.  Key words: Callosobruchus maculatus, Triflumuron, seed protectant, fecundity, hatchability, developmental period, adult emergence   doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2207 J. bio-sci. 15: 83-88, 2007

Factors Influencing the Orientation and Rates of Activity of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Factors Influencing

AbstractThe tactic and kinetic responses of adult Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins were studied under varying conditions of light, temperature, humidity, gravity, and with different visual forms. Newly emerged adult Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. were attracted by high light intensity and utilized spot sources of light and surrounding objects, but not polarized light, for orientation. Flying adults were positively phototactic unless warmed above 35 °C; egg-laying adults were negatively phototactic. High temperatures and light intensities increased the frequency of flights. The beetles were negatively geotropic but this could be masked by the attraction to light. Dark objects on a light background were attractive; the size of the object was important while the shape was not.Temperature influenced orientation to some extent but its influence on rate of activity was far more pronounced; rate of walk followed a linear relationship with temperature. Humidity also affected orientation and rate of walk to some extent, although its effect was usually masked by other environmental factors.

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