scholarly journals Migratory behaviour predicts greater parasite diversity in ungulates

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1875) ◽  
pp. 20180089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire S. Teitelbaum ◽  
Shan Huang ◽  
Richard J. Hall ◽  
Sonia Altizer
Keyword(s):  
Infection Risk ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Parasite Richness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
The Relationship

Long-distance animal movements can increase exposure to diverse parasites, but can also reduce infection risk through escape from contaminated habitats or culling of infected individuals. These mechanisms have been demonstrated within and between populations in single-host/single-parasite interactions, but how long-distance movement behaviours shape parasite diversity and prevalence across host taxa is largely unknown. Using a comparative approach, we analyse the parasite communities of 93 migratory, nomadic and resident ungulate species. We find that migrants have higher parasite species richness than residents or nomads, even after considering other factors known to influence parasite diversity, such as body size and host geographical range area. Further analyses support a novel ‘environmental tracking' hypothesis, whereby migration allows parasites to experience environments favourable to transmission year-round. In addition, the social aggregation and large group sizes that facilitate migration might increase infection risk for migrants. By contrast, we find little support for previously proposed hypotheses, including migratory escape and culling, in explaining the relationship between host movement and parasitism in mammals at this cross-species scale. Our findings, which support mechanistic links between long-distance movement and increased parasite richness at the species level, could help predict the effects of future environmental change on parasitism in migratory animals.

scholarly journals Civility and diplomacy: Trust and dissimulation in transnational Afghan trading networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 175-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ethical Virtue ◽  
Made In China ◽  
Trading Networks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

This article explores the relationship between civility and diplomacy in the transnational commercial activities of traders from Afghanistan. The commodity traders on which the article focuses – most of whom are involved in the export and wholesale of commodities made in China – form long-distance networks that criss-cross multiple parts of Asia and are rooted in multiple trading nodes across the region, including the Chinese commercial city of Yiwu, Moscow and Odessa. Much scholarship associates both diplomacy and civility with impression management and dissimulation and therefore identifies such modes of behaviour as being inimical to the fashioning of enduring ties of trust. However, analysis of ethnographic material concerning the traders’ understandings of being diplomatic, as well as the ways in which they seek to conform to contested local notions of civility, furnishes unique insights into the ways in which they build the social relationships and ties of trust on which their commercial activities depend. By exploring the interrelationship between civility and diplomacy, the article seeks to move anthropological debate beyond the question of whether civility is either a form of artifice premised on performance or a deeper ethical virtue in and of itself. It suggests, rather, ambiguity, ambivalence, contradiction and imperfection are inbuilt aspects of the ways in which respect is communicated and evaluated, and ties of trust fashioned and maintained.

scholarly journals Informal Volunteering Helps Older Adults Stay Put Too! But, Does Gender Matter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 50-50
Author(s):  
Huei-wern Shen ◽  
Tam Perry
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Informal Volunteering ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Out Of Area

Abstract Many older adults desire to remain in one’s home for as long as possible, and many factors have been identified to be helpful, such as formal volunteering (doing unpaid work for religious, educational, health-related or other charitable organizations). While many older adults volunteer formally, many others volunteer informally (providing unpaid help to friends, neighbors, or relatives who did not co-reside). However, less is known about the relationship between informal volunteering and relocation. Guided by the social and material convoy framework, the present study explores the intersection of gender, informal volunteering, and relocation (no move, move within area, and move out of area). Utilizing data from 2008 and 2010 Health and Retirement Study, 8,361 older adults who were 65 and above in 2008 were included. When older people’s financial resources, health, environment, and demographics were controlled, findings from multinomial logistic regression showed that older adults who volunteered informally were less likely to move within area two years later. When stratified by gender, it was found that female (n=4,832) volunteered informally in 2008 were less likely to move within area within two years, too; whereas for male (n=3,529), those who informal volunteered in 2008 were less likely to move out of area in 2010. According to the findings, informal volunteering helps older adults stay put. Future research is needed to understand why informal volunteering helps reduce short distance moves for women but helps reduce long distance moves for men.

scholarly journals Can You Handle the Distance? A Look Into Social Media and the Effects on Long-Distance Relationships

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bailey House ◽  
Marisa McGinty ◽  
Linzy Heim
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Social Penetration Theory ◽  
College Age ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Penetration ◽  
The Relationship

The following research study focused on long distance romantic relationships and the communication used when faced with separation. Many different medias are utilized in relational maintenance and the literature review of this paper explores those options. Online communication and numerous social media sites can positively or negatively affect the relationship quality. After analyzing secondary research, a primary research study was conducted monitoring one newly formed college age couple and their communication for a four-week time period. When looking at the information and data collected, there were numerous examples to show the Social Penetration Theory in this couple’s growing relationship. The final section offers limitations and suggestions for further research of similar studies.

Ireland in Late Antiquity

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elva Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Scholarly Discourse ◽  
The Relationship

It is often assumed that Ireland entered recorded history with the emergence of organized Christianity on the island at some point in the fourth or fifth century C.E. This assumption has meant that the histories of late antique and early medieval Ireland are primarily viewed through the lens of conversion. Religious identities, frequently imagined as a binary opposition of “Christian” and “pagan,” have been a dominant historiographical focus. This essay argues that it is more fruitful to examine the relationship between Ireland and its neighbors from c. 150–c. 550 C.E. through a frontier dynamic, a dynamic in which religious identity was but one factor among many. By recasting the Irish experience in this way, it is possible to take a more comparative approach which cuts against the grain of Irish exceptionalism. Moreover, situating Ireland within the scholarly discourse of late antiquity allows for a new and nuanced understanding of the social and religious changes that characterized this period on the island.

scholarly journals Biodiversity loss decreases parasite diversity: theory and patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1604) ◽  
pp. 2814-2827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Lafferty
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Parasite Richness ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Food Web Complexity ◽  
The Relationship

Past models have suggested host–parasite coextinction could lead to linear, or concave down relationships between free-living species richness and parasite richness. I explored several models for the relationship between parasite richness and biodiversity loss. Life cycle complexity, low generality of parasites and sensitivity of hosts reduced the robustness of parasite species to the loss of free-living species diversity. Food-web complexity and the ordering of extinctions altered these relationships in unpredictable ways. Each disassembly of a food web resulted in a unique relationship between parasite richness and the richness of free-living species, because the extinction trajectory of parasites was sensitive to the order of extinctions of free-living species. However, the average of many disassemblies tended to approximate an analytical model. Parasites of specialist hosts and hosts higher on food chains were more likely to go extinct in food-web models. Furthermore, correlated extinctions between hosts and parasites (e.g. if parasites share a host with a specialist predator) led to steeper declines in parasite richness with biodiversity loss. In empirical food webs with random removals of free-living species, the relationship between free-living species richness and parasite richness was, on average, quasi-linear, suggesting biodiversity loss reduces parasite diversity more than previously thought.

scholarly journals Ethnomusicology: Issues and Possibilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Majid Hamdoon Al Harthy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Musical Systems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Musical Elements

This study investigates and analyzes the relationship between the development of the field of Ethnomusicology in United States, since the 1950s, and its predecessor known as Comparative Musicology, which emerged during the last two decades of 19th century Germany. Tracing the theoretical bases for Comparative Musicology, it becomes clear that certain fundamental issues caused researchers to distance themselves from the ideologies of traditional musics that, eventually, led to the emergence of Ethnomusicology. Furthermore, by exploring certain aspects of Comparative Musicology and Ethnomusicology, one cannot but notice the central role publications played in the establishment of both fields. However, unlike Comparative Musicology, which adopted a comparative approach to analysis; modern ethnomusicology called for the embracement of the musics of the «other» and the recognition of their contextual uniqueness before comparing them to other musical systems. Thus, the modern ethnomusicologist always seeks to associate him/herself to the musics of the «other» not only for the sake of understanding musical elements and structures, but also in order to gain a deeper understanding of the social and cultural aspects of the communities producing the music. 

Later Life. The Social Psychology of AgingV.W. Marshall (ed.) Beverley Hills, CA: Sage Publications

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Corin
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Interpretative Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThis study represents a significant contribution to the theoretical development of the social psychology of aging. The authors favor an interpretative approach to aging while emphasizing the features of the structural context. The theoretical challenge outlined in the book revolves around maintaining an equilibrium between the two points of view and examining the mechanisms that link the macro and the micro levels of society.The introduction provides a clear overview of the theoretical questions which reflect the essence of this book. A group of articles examines the socio-historic and theoretic roots of the interpretative approach in the general development of human sciences theories as well as in the work of G.H. Mead and the pragmatic American trend. Another series of articles concentrates on the changes which have taken place in the modern western societies; the authors examine the impact created by this revolution on the relationship between the generations, on the life span and on the relationship between the aged and death. Other contributions are made at a more micro-social level. These focus on the support systems available to the elderly as well as the networks of friends. The last article underlines the importance of adopting a comparative approach for all theoretical development.

Colonialism and the Highland Clearances

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Mackinnon
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Indigenous Research ◽  
Internal Colonialism ◽  
New Approach ◽  
A Site ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Imperial State ◽  
Late Modern

This article employs a new approach to studying internal colonialism in northern Scotland during the 18th and 19th centuries. A common approach to examining internal colonial situations within modern state territories is to compare characteristics of the internal colonial situation with attested attributes of external colonial relations. Although this article does not reject the comparative approach, it seeks to avoid criticisms that this approach can be misleading by demonstrating that promoters and managers of projects involving land use change, territorial dispossession and industrial development in the late modern Gàidhealtachd consistently conceived of their work as projects of colonization. It further argues that the new social, cultural and political structures these projects imposed on the area's indigenous population correspond to those found in other colonial situations, and that racist and racialist attitudes towards Gaels of the time are typical of those in colonial situations during the period. The article concludes that the late modern Gàidhealtachd has been a site of internal colonization where the relationship of domination between colonizer and colonized is complex, longstanding and occurring within the imperial state. In doing so it demonstrates that the history and present of the Gaels of Scotland belongs within the ambit of an emerging indigenous research paradigm.

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