scholarly journals Ocean warming alters predicted microbiome functionality in a common sea urchin

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1881) ◽  
pp. 20180340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia J. Brothers ◽  
William J. Van Der Pol ◽  
Casey D. Morrow ◽  
Joseph A. Hakim ◽  
Hyunmin Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Lytechinus Variegatus ◽  
Community Function ◽  
Near Future

The microbiome of sea urchins plays a role in maintaining digestive health and innate immunity. Here, we investigated the effects of long-term (90 day) exposure to elevated seawater temperatures on the microbiome of the common, subtropical sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus . The community composition and diversity of microbes varied according to the type of sample collected from the sea urchin (seawater, feed, intestines, coelomic fluid, digested pellet and faeces), with the lowest microbial diversity (predominately the order Campylobacterales) located in the intestinal tissue. Sea urchins exposed to near-future seawater temperatures maintained the community structure and diversity of microbes associated with their tissues. However, marginal, non-significant shifts in microbial community structure with elevated temperature resulted in significant changes in predicted metagenomic functions such as membrane transport and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. The predicted changes in key metabolic categories suggest that near-future climate-induced increases in seawater temperature could shift microbial community function and impact sea urchin digestive and immune physiology.

Differences in ion regulation in the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia lixula (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denilton Vidolin ◽  
Ivonete A. Santos-Gouvea ◽  
Carolina A. Freire
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Lytechinus Variegatus ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Magnesium Supplementation ◽  
Ionic Concentrations ◽  
Arbacia Lixula

The regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, a species previously reported from areas of reduced salinities, and Arbacia lixula, a species unreported from diluted waters, were submitted to seawater dilution or seawater dilution in magnesium-supplemented waters. Seawater (35 psu) was either proportionally diluted with filtered dechlorinated tap water (30 psu, 25 psu), or diluted and supplemented with magnesium as MgCl2 (30+Mg, 25+Mg), up to full-strength seawater Mg2+ levels (35 psu, ~54 mM Mg2+). Magnesium supplementation was intended to verify the interfering effect of magnesium on osmo-ionic concentrations of the coelomic fluid (CF) of two ecologically distinct species of sea urchins. After 6 h in control (35 psu) or experimental seawater, CF samples were withdrawn by puncturing through the peristomial membrane. Coelomic fluid osmolality ([Osm]), and concentrations of ([Na+]), ([Cl-]), ([Mg2+]) and ([K+]) were measured for both species. Under all conditions, L. variegatus displayed higher CF osmolality, [Na+], and [K+] values than the water (and A. lixula). Comparatively, L. variegatus is designated as a‘hyper-conformer’, while A. lixula is an ‘iso-conformer’. The CF [Mg2+] showed no evidence of being controlled by either species. Mg2+ supplementation in diluted seawater affected Mg2+ and Cl- levels only. Na+ appears to be taken up actively by L. variegatus, rendering its CF mostly hyper-ionic for Na+ (and hyperosmotic) relative to external seawater. The different gradients observed with the different ions suggest selective permeabilities or ion regulation by L. variegatus.

scholarly journals Contrasting recruitment seasonality of sea urchin species in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (eastern Atlantic)

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. GARCIA-SANZ ◽  
P. G. NAVARRO ◽  
F. TUYA
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Gran Canaria ◽  
Arbacia Lixula

Despite sea-urchins can play an important role affecting the community structure of subtidal bottoms, factors controlling the dynamics of sea-urchin populations are still poorly understood. We assessed the seasonal variation in recruitment of three sea-urchin species (Diadema africanum, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) at Gran Canaria Island (eastern Atlantic) via monthly deployment of artificial collectors throughout an entire annual cycle on each of four adjacent habitat patches (seagrasses, sandy patches, ‘urchin-grazed’ barrens and macroalgal-dominated beds) within a shallow coastal landscape. Paracentrotus lividus and A. lixula had exclusively one main recruitment peak in late winter-spring. Diadema africanum recruitment was also seasonal, but recruits appeared in late summer-autumn, particularly on ‘urchin-grazed’ barrens with large abundances of adult conspecifics. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated non-overlapping seasonal recruitment patterns of the less abundant species (P. lividus and A. lixula) with the most conspicuous species (D. africanum) in the study area.

scholarly journals Faecal Microbiota Dynamics and their Relation to Disease Course in Crohn’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1273-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Galazzo ◽  
Danyta I Tedjo ◽  
Dion S J Wintjens ◽  
Paul H M Savelkoul ◽  
Ad A M Masclee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Microbial shifts have been associated with disease activity in Crohn’s disease [CD], but findings on specific taxa are inconsistent. This may be due to differences in applied methods and cross-sectional study designs. We prospectively examined the faecal microbiota in adult CD patients with changing or stable disease course over time. Methods Faeces were collected at two time-points from 15 healthy control individuals [HCs], 35 CD patients who were in remission and who maintained remission [RRs], and 22 CD patients during remission and also during subsequent exacerbation [RAs]. The microbial composition was assessed by 16S rRNA [V4] gene sequencing. Results Compared with HCs, patients with CD had a lower microbial richness [p = 0.0002] and diversity [p = 0.005]. Moreover, the microbial community structure of a subset of patients, clustered apart from HCs, was characterized by low microbial diversity and Faecalibacterium abundance. Patients within this cluster did not differ with respect to long-term disease course compared with patients with a ‘healthy-appearing’ microbiota. Over time, microbial richness and diversity did not change in RR versus RA patients. Although the microbial community structure of both RR and RA patients was less stable over time compared with that of HCs, no differences were observed between the patient groups [p = 0.17]; nor was the stability impacted by Montreal classification, medication use, or surgery. Conclusion The altered microbiota composition and stability in CD was neither associated with disease activity nor long-term disease course, questioning its involvement in the development of an exacerbation. The aberrant microbiota composition in a subset of CD patients warrants further exploration of a more microbiota-driven etiology in this group.

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