scholarly journals Phylodynamics reveals extinction–recolonization dynamics underpin apparently endemic vampire bat rabies in Costa Rica

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1912) ◽  
pp. 20191527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Streicker ◽  
Silvia Lucia Fallas González ◽  
Giovanna Luconi ◽  
Rocío González Barrientos ◽  
Bernal Leon
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Central American ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Vampire Bat

Variation in disease incidence in wildlife is often assumed to reflect environmental or demographic changes acting on an endemic pathogen. However, apparent endemicity might instead arise from spatial processes that are challenging to identify from traditional data sources including time series and field studies. Here, we analysed longitudinal sequence data collected from rabies virus outbreaks over 14 years in Costa Rica, a Central American country that has recorded continuous vampire bat-transmitted rabies outbreaks in humans and livestock since 1985. We identified five phylogenetically distinct lineages which shared most recent common ancestors with viruses from North and South America. Bayesian phylogeographic reconstructions supported bidirectional viral dispersals involving countries to the north and south of Costa Rica at different time points. Within Costa Rica, viruses showed little contemporaneous spatial overlap and no lineage was detected across all years of surveillance. Statistical models suggested that lineage disappearances were more likely to be explained by viral extinctions than undetected viral circulation. Our results highlight the importance of international viral dispersal for shaping the burden of rabies in Costa Rica, suggest a Central American corridor of rabies virus invasions between continents, and show that apparent disease endemicity may arise through recurrent pathogen extinctions and reinvasions which can be readily detected in relatively small datasets by joining phylodynamic and modelling approaches.

scholarly journals Evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria de una crema a partir del extracto purificado de Baccharis Tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. “taya”

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antiinflammatory Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antiinflammatory Therapy ◽  
The North ◽  
San Luis ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Evaluación de la actividad antiinflamatoria de una crema a partir del extracto purificado de Baccharis Tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. “taya” Evaluation of the antiinflammatory activity of a cream from purified extract from Baccharis Tricuneata (L. f.) Pers. "Taya" Marlon Díaz, John Conde, Pedro Félix, Sandra Ramírez, Roly Vicuña Asociación Científica de Investigación Farmacéutica - Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica- Universidad Nacional “San Luis Gonzaga” de Ica. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2012.0004/ RESUMEN El género Baccharis es una de las más importantes fuentes de productos en la medicina natural, se distribuyen en el Norte y Sur de América y en nuestro país en las zonas alto andinas, despertando el interés por su uso etnofarmacológico. La especie Baccharis tricuneata (L.f.) pers. “taya”, es usada en la medicina tradicional en la terapia antiinflamatoria en forma de emplastos. El extracto acetato de etilo se obtuvo a partir del extracto etanólico por sucesivos fraccionamientos utilizando solventes polaridad creciente. Se realizó la identificación de flavonoides en los extractos mostrando mayor presencia en el extracto de acetato de etilo. Se formuló y evaluó la actividad antiinflamatoria de una crema elaborada a partir del extracto de acetato den etilo a varias concentraciones. La evaluación farmacológica se realizó por el método de Edema Auricular Inducido por Aceite de Croton. La crema al 30% mostró actividad antiinflamatoria del 71.43%. Se atribuye a los flavonoides la actividad antiinflamatoria encontrada ya que existen reportes de su gran poder de estabilizar membranas y los radicales oxidantes. Descriptores: etnofarmacológico, Baccharis tricuneata, actividad antiinflamatoria. ABSTRACT The genus Baccharis is one of the most important sources of products in the natural medicine, are distributed in the North and South America and in our country in the high Andean areas, arousing the interest of their usage etnofarmacologico. The species Baccharis tricuneata (L. f.) Pers. "Taya", is used in traditional medicine in the antiinflammatory therapy in the form of poultices. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained from the ethanolic extract by successive fragmentations using solvents increasing polarity. It carried out the identification of flavonoids in the extracts showing greater presence in the ethyl acetate extract. It was formulated and assessed the antiinflammatory activity of an ointment prepared from the extract of ethyl acetate to various concentrations. Pharmacological evaluation was performed by the method of ear edema induced by Croton Oil. The cream to the 30% showed antiinflammatory activity of 71.43 %. It is attributed to the flavonoids the antiinflammatory activity found that there are already reports of his great power to stabilize membranes and oxidizing radicals. Keywords: ethnopharmacological, Baccharis tricuneata, anti-inflammatory activity.

A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Penelope Greenslade ◽  
Yun-Xia Luan
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
New South ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Parajapyx isabellae (Grassi, 1886) is recorded for the first time from Australia. It is a cosmopolitan soil species found in Europe, North and South America and Asia. Womersley last studied Australian Parajapygidae 80 years ago, listing a single endemic species for the genus Parajapyx Silvestri, 1903, sensu stricta. In 2017, an unidentified Parajapyx was found in deep soil under wheat in winter, spring and summer at Harden, New South Wales, in a long-term tillage trial. It was most abundant in the minimum tillage/stubble retained plots in soil below 5 cm but rarely observed in the conventionally tilled/stubble burned plots. The same field experiment was sampled five times using the same methods over 3 years from 1993–95 but no specimens of Diplura were collected. The specimens were identified as P. isabellae using morphology and confirmed with the DNA barcoding sequence data. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are records from North America, Europe and Hawaii of P. isabellae feeding on roots of wheat and other agricultural crops. We provide here illustrations of species P. isabellae so that crop scientists in Australia are aware of the potential pest and can identify it. Sequence data indicate that the population may have originated from two sources.

A revision of the New World genus Fidia Baly 1863 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae: Adoxini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1798 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. STROTHER ◽  
C. L. STAINES
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
New World ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Nomen Nudum ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
The North

The North and Central American genus Fidia Baly 1863 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is revised. The genus is redescribed and a diagnosis separating Fidia from similar genera is provided. Twenty-four species are recognized: F. lateralis Jacoby 1882 is transferred to Xanthonia; Colaspis flavescens Sturm 1826 is a nomen nudum; F. sallei Lefèvre 1877 and F. unistriata Jacoby 1882 are synonymized with F. albovittata Lefèvre 1877; F. atra Jacoby 1882 is synonymized with F. spuria Lefèvre 1877. Twelve species are described as new- F. chapini from Mexico; F. comalensis from Mexico; F. convexicollis from Texas and Oklahoma; F. costaricensis from Costa Rica; F. delilahae from Alabama and Mississippi; F. dicelloposthe from Mexico; F. dichroma from Mexico; F. marraverpa from Mexico; F. papillata from Mexico; F. pedinops from Alabama, Florida, and Georgia; F. rileyorum from the southeastern United States; and F. xanthonioides from Mexico. Lectotypes are designated for F. albovittata Lefèvre 1877, F. cana Horn 1892, F. guatemalensis Jacoby 1879, F. lurida Lefèvre 1885, F. plagiata Lefèvre 1877, F. sallei Lefèvre 1877, F. spuria Lefèvre 1877, and F. unistriata Jacoby 1882. A key to the recognized species is presented and important taxonomic characters are illustrated. Distribution maps are provided for each species.

scholarly journals Variations in the geostrophic circulation pattern and thermohaline structure in the Southeast Central American Pacific.

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Brenes ◽  
Daniel Ballestero ◽  
Rosario Benavides ◽  
Juan Pablo Salazar ◽  
Gustavo Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Current System ◽  
Zonal Flow ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Central American ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Coastal Current ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Dynamics ◽  
Cocos Island

<p>This study was conducted in the southeast region of the Central American Pacific, an area of great oceanographic importance due to the presence of various upwelling phenomena and the direct influence of the ENSO on its waters. Its main objective was to contribute to the knowledge of the main factors that modulate the regional dynamics. We describe the geostrophic circulation and thermohaline features along two transects obtained in October 2010 and March 2011, one from Costa Rica at (84°54’ W - 9°37’ N) to the SW of Cocos Island at (88°19’ W - 3°06’ N), and the second oriented zonally across the island from (88°14’ W - 5°33’ N) to (84°33’ W - 5°33’ N). Surface temperatures ranged from 27°C to 29°C and a near isothermal layer, with an average thickness of 40 m, was apparent above the thermocline centered at 60 m. Surface salinities were between 32 and 32.8, typical values of the Tropical Surface Water. In both years, Cocos Island was located in a region of low surface salinities (~32). The salty core of the Subtropical Subsurface Water (~35) was located at an average depth of 150m. In October the circulation between Cocos Island and the continent was dominated by the presence of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), with speeds above 40 cm s<sup>-1 </sup>in the upper 50 m of the water column. No flow to the northwest near the coast that could be associated with the Costa Rica Coastal Current (CRCC) in October was observed. The Cocos Island was located in the center of a 150 m deep, 100 km diameter anticyclonic eddy, with surface speeds of 10 cm s<sup>-1</sup>and 20 cm s<sup>-1</sup>. In March the study area was again dominated by an anticyclonic cell, with eastward flow between 50 cm s<sup>-1</sup> and 60 cm s<sup>-1</sup> located between 200 km north and 100 km south of the island. The southern end of this cell, with velocities between 10 cm s<sup>-1 </sup>and 50 cm s<sup>-1</sup> to the northwest, was located 200 km south of Cocos Island. A flow to the NW near the edge of the continental shelf, consistent with the CRCC, was observed in May. Our study contributes to document the oceanography of the eastern end of the Equatorial Current System near the coast of Central America, where regional forcing modifies the zonal flow which prevails west of the study area.</p><div> </div>

scholarly journals Comparison of the Sex Pheromone Composition of Harmonia axyridis Originating from Native and Invaded Areas

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Legrand ◽  
Vanderplanck ◽  
Verheggen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
The North ◽  
Asian Lady Beetle ◽  
Pheromone Composition ◽  
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle ◽  
Strain Release ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Two Populations

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), originates from South-East Asia and is now considered as an invasive species at a worldwide scale, with populations encountered in North and South America, Africa, and Europe. Several previous studies suggested that invasive populations display different behavioral and physiological traits, leading to a better fitness than native individuals. H. axyridis sex pheromone was identified recently, but only from individuals established in Europe. In this study, we compare the composition of the female sex pheromone of H. axyridis from two populations: (i) an invasive population in North America, and (ii) a native population in South-East China. We found the females originating from both populations to release in similar proportions the same five pheromonal compounds, namely β-caryophyllene, β-elemene, methyl-eugenol, α-humulene, and α-bulnesene. However, females from the North American strain release all five compounds in larger amount than the Chinese ones. Whether invasive individuals were selected during the process of invasion through their capacity to better call and find sexual partners remains to be confirmed.

scholarly journals Inventory and Distribution of Rock Glaciers in Northeastern Yakutia

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Vasylii Lytkin
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Detailed List ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Rock glaciers are common forms of relief of the periglacial belt of many mountain structures in the world. They are potential sources of water in arid and semi-arid regions, and therefore their analysis is important in assessing water reserves. Mountain structures in the north-east of Yakutia have optimal conditions for the formation of rock glaciers, but they have not yet been studied in this regard. In this article, for the first time, we present a detailed list of rock glaciers in this region. Based on geoinformation mapping using remote sensing data and field studies within the Chersky, Verkhoyansk, Momsky and Suntar-Khayata ranges, 4503 rock glaciers with a total area of 224.6 km2 were discovered. They are located within absolute altitudes, from 503 to 2496 m. Their average minimum altitude was at 1456 m above sea level, and the maximum at 1527 m. Most of these formations are located on the sides of the trough valleys, and form extended sloping types of rock glaciers. An assessment of the exposure of the slopes where the rock glaciers are located showed that most of the rock glaciers are facing north and south.

scholarly journals Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10081-10094 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Feng ◽  
Q. Fu
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
The North ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Northern Fringe ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract. Global drylands encompassing hyper-arid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas cover about 41 percent of the earth's terrestrial surface and are home to more than a third of the world's population. By analyzing observations for 1948–2008 and climate model simulations for 1948–2100, we show that global drylands have expanded in the last sixty years and will continue to expand in the 21st~century. By the end of this century, the world's drylands (under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario) are projected to be 5.8 × 106 km2 (or 10%) larger than in the 1961–1990 climatology. The major expansion of arid regions will occur over southwest North America, the northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, and Australia, while major expansions of semiarid regions will occur over the north side of the Mediterranean, southern Africa, and North and South America. The global dryland expansions will increase the population affected by water scarcity and land degradations.

scholarly journals 2-Nonanone is a Critical Pheromone Component for Cerambycid Beetle Species Native to North and South America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weliton D Silva ◽  
Lawrence M Hanks ◽  
Judith A Mongold-Diers ◽  
Anna C Grommes ◽  
José Maurício S Bento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Testing ◽  
South American ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Cerambycid Beetles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract An increasing body of evidence indicates that cerambycid beetles native to different continents may share pheromone components, suggesting that these compounds arose as pheromone components early in the evolution of the family. Here, we describe the identification and field testing of the pheromone blends of two species in the subfamily Cerambycinae that share 2-nonanone as an important component of their male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones, the South American Stizocera consobrina Gounelle (tribe Elaphidiini) and the North American Heterachthes quadrimaculatus Haldeman (tribe Neoibidionini). Along with 2-nonanone, males of S. consobrina also produce 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione, whereas males of H. quadrimaculatus produce 10-methyldodecanol. Field bioassays conducted in Brazil (targeting S. consobrina) and Illinois (targeting H. quadrimaculatus) demonstrated that adults of both species were attracted only by the blends of both their pheromone components, and not to the individual components. The use of the pyrrole as a critical component for the former species is further evidence that this compound is a common pheromone structure among cerambycines in different biogeographical regions of the world.

scholarly journals Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20160062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieren J. Mitchell ◽  
Sarah C. Bray ◽  
Pere Bover ◽  
Leopoldo Soibelzon ◽  
Blaine W. Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
North American ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
South American ◽  
The North ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The Tremarctinae are a subfamily of bears endemic to the New World, including two of the largest terrestrial mammalian carnivores that have ever lived: the giant, short-faced bears Arctodus simus from North America and Arctotherium angustidens from South America (greater than or equal to 1000 kg). Arctotherium angustidens became extinct during the Early Pleistocene, whereas Arctodus simus went extinct at the very end of the Pleistocene. The only living tremarctine is the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ), a largely herbivorous bear that is today only found in South America. The relationships among the spectacled bears ( Tremarctos ), South American short-faced bears ( Arctotherium ) and North American short-faced bears ( Arctodus ) remain uncertain. In this study, we sequenced a mitochondrial genome from an Arctotherium femur preserved in a Chilean cave. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the South American short-faced bears were more closely related to the extant South American spectacled bear than to the North American short-faced bears. This result suggests striking convergent evolution of giant forms in the two groups of short-faced bears ( Arctodus and Arctotherium ), potentially as an adaptation to dominate competition for megafaunal carcasses.

scholarly journals Biogeography of Neotropical Meliaceae: geological connections, fossil and molecular evidence revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl ◽  
Blanca M. Rojas-Andrés
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Central American ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
North Central ◽  
Modern Distribution ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

AbstractWe here provide, first, a general introduction into the woody angiosperm family Meliaceae, including updated numbers of the genera and species found in different parts of the globe, paying attention to geographic centres of diversity and patterns of endemism. Second, and more specifically, we review the latest literature concerning land connections (i) between Eurasia and North America, (ii) between North America and South America, as well as (iii) dispersal paths between Africa and South America that have existed since the proposed evolutionary origin of modern Meliaceae, i.e. from the Upper Cretaceous onwards (ca. 100 Million years ago). Comparing geological evidence with the fossil record as well as biogeographic studies, there is indication that the nowadays pantropically distributed family has made use of all these three routes. Five out of the eight modern Neotropical genera have a fossil record, namely Carapa Aubl., Cedrela P. Browne, Guarea F. Allam., Swietenia Jacq., and Trichilia P. Browne. Carapa and Trichilia have a modern transatlantic disjunction (distribution in Africa, Central and South America), and a fossil record in Africa and North/Central America (Trichilia), or Africa and Eurasia (Carapoxylon). Cedrela has a rich fossil record in Eurasia and the Americas. The global decrease in temperatures and a lack of Cedrela fossils in North America from the Late Miocene onwards suggest the genus had gone extinct there by that time, leading to its modern distribution in Central and South America. Oligocene to Pliocene fossils of Guarea, Swietenia and Trichilia in Central American key regions support biotic interchange between North and South America at various times.

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