scholarly journals On the corrosion of copper-sheeting by sea-water, and on methods of preventing this effect; and on their application to ships of war and other ships

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Green Rust ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Perfect Contact ◽  
Humphry Davy ◽  
Similar Substance

When copper sheeting, however pure the metal may be, is exposed to sea-water, a green rust is formed upon it; which, when washed off, is replaced by a similar substance, till the whole of the metal is thus destroyed by corrosion. To prevent this effect, the President avails himself of the modification of chemical affinities, derived from electrical power; and in pursuing his researches in relation to this subject, he found the above-mentioned action upon copper counteracted by any weak negative electricity easily excited in it by the contact of a surface of tin not exceeding 1/100 th that of the copper, and made part of an electric circuit in sea-water. Other metals may be substituted, but the facility with which a perfect contact is made by solder with tin, and the facility with which its submuriate detaches from the metal, induce Sir Humphry Davy to regard it as best adapted to the purpose. He observes, further, that the cause which prevents the oxidation of the copper will also probably prevent the adhesion of marine animals and of vegetables. After adverting to the unequivocal and satisfactory results of his experiment made upon a small scale, the author states that the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty have enabled him to make arrangements for pursuing them upon a very extended plan.

A New Oscillating-Foil Power Generator for Sailingship-Based Renewable Energy Generation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max F. Platzer ◽  
Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Electrical Power Output ◽  
Oscillating Foil ◽  
Renewable Energy Generation ◽  
Ocean Wind ◽  
Climate Crisis

The wind energy available over the globe’s vast ocean areas offers the opportunity to make a decisive contribution to the solution of the energy and climate crisis. In this paper we propose the use of sailing ships equipped with hydropower generators to convert the ocean wind energy into electricity. We describe a new oscillating-foil hydropower generator to achieve this objective. Our preliminary performance estimates indicate the feasibility of generating at least one megawatt of electrical power output per ship for electrolytic conversion of sea water into hydrogen and oxygen. Tests of a small-scale prototype confirmed the expected operational characteristics of the new generator.

scholarly journals Potential Small Scale Sea Water Reclamation from Plastic Waste Contamination

2020 ◽  
Vol 616 ◽  
pp. 012056
Author(s):  
Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan ◽  
Zawawi Daud ◽  
Amir Detho ◽  
Halizah Awang ◽  
Mohd Arif Rosli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Reclamation

scholarly journals Improvement of Biogas Quality and Quantity for Small-Scale Biogas-Electricity Generation Application in off-Grid Settings: A Field-Based Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3088
Author(s):  
Henry Wasajja ◽  
Saqr A. A. Al-Muraisy ◽  
Antonella L. Piaggio ◽  
Pamela Ceron-Chafla ◽  
Purushothaman Vellayani Aravind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Operational Practices ◽  
Pre Treatment

Small-scale electrical power generation (<100 kW) from biogas plants to provide off-grid electricity is of growing interest. Currently, gas engines are used to meet this demand. Alternatively, more efficient small-scale solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can be used to enhance electricity generation from small-scale biogas plants. Most electricity generators require a constant gas supply and high gas quality in terms of absence of impurities like H2S. Therefore, to efficiently use the biogas from existing decentralized anaerobic digesters for electricity production, higher quality and stable biogas flow must be guaranteed. The installation of a biogas upgrading and buffer system could be considered; however, the cost implication could be high at a small scale as compared to locally available alternatives such as co-digestion and improved digester operation. Therefore, this study initially describes relevant literature related to feedstock pre-treatment, co-digestion and user operational practices of small-scale digesters, which theoretically could lead to major improvements of anaerobic digestion process efficiency. The theoretical preamble is then coupled to the results of a field study, which demonstrated that many locally available resources and user practices constitute frugal innovations with potential to improve biogas quality and digester performance in off-grid settings.

scholarly journals Designing locally-appropriate conservation incentives for small-scale fishers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hollie Booth ◽  
M Said Ramdlan ◽  
Ayesha Hafizh ◽  
Karto Wongsopatty ◽  
Susana Mourato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
Outcome Goals ◽  
Use Values ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Marine Megafauna ◽  
Business As Usual

Large, long-lived marine animals (‘marine megafauna’) play critical roles in ocean ecosystems, however, they are threatened by overfishing. Technologies and practices that reduce fisheries’ impacts on marine megafauna are well documented, yet less is known about how to encourage their adoption. This is particularly challenging in small-scale fisheries (SSFs), where endangered species can have important consumptive use values. We used a novel combination of methods – scenario interviews with contingent valuation (CV) – to investigate how incentive-based interventions might influence fisher behaviour and reduce mortality of Critically Endangered taxa (hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.) and wedgefish (Rhynchobatus spp.)) in two case study SSFs in Indonesia. Scenario interviews revealed that positive performance-based incentives were almost unanimously supported (98% and 96% of fishers would stop landing hammerheads and wedgefish, respectively). This is in contrast to 1% and 6% under a business as usual control scenario, and 52% and 46% in response to a regulation with a fine. Using CV, we estimated that an incentive-based scheme for catch mitigation of all hammerheads and wedgefish across both sites could cost US$71,620-298,820 annually, and save up to 18,500 hammerheads and 2,140 wedgefish relative to current catch baselines. This study provides empirical evidence that performance-based payments could offer a cost-effective, legitimate and socially-just approach for marine conservation in SSFs, and support “a sustainable and equitable blue economy” and “living in harmony with nature”. This is particularly important with the growing adoption of net-outcome goals for biodiversity, with studies such as this providing the basis for locally-appropriate investment ready schemes for bycatch-neutral seafood supply chains.

scholarly journals Review on Power Quality Enhancement and its effects on Micro Grid

IJOSTHE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Ankeeta . ◽  
Vasant Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Power Quality ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quality Enhancement ◽  
Reliability Of Operation ◽  
Unbalanced Loads

Power generation through the renewable energy sources has become more viable and economical than the fossil fuel based power plants. By integrating small scale distributed energy resources, microgrids are being introduced as an alternative approach in generating electrical power at distribution voltage level. The power electronic interface provides the necessary flexibility, security and reliability of operation between micro-sources and the distribution system. The presence of non-linear and the unbalanced loads in the distribution system causes power quality issues in the Microgrid system. This paper explores and reviews different control strategies developed in the literature for the power quality enhancement in microgrids.

scholarly journals KEMISKINAN DI WILAYAH PEDESAAN NTB : STUDI KASUS WANITA PEMBUAT GARAM DI DUSUN MEDANG

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Maryadi Maryadi
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Salty Water ◽  
Processing Material ◽  
Home Industries ◽  
Rural Industries ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Role of women in development has been well-known. Women roles in rural area can be identified from their involvement in rural industries either agricultural home industries or other small-scale industries processing material taken from natural resources. One of such natural resource materials is sea water to be further processed as salts. Most of women in Medang Hamlet, Village of Sekotong Barat, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province work as salt makers. Instead of drying salty water by using sunshine, the salt farmers in Medang Hamlet use wood in heating the salt water. The study finds that the income earned from this activity is considerably low. Since there is no other source of income alternative for the women in this hamlet, making salt becomes the only job that can be done. The consequence is that the villagers in this area are still live under poverty line.

The Effect of Salinity Changes on the Water Content and Respiration of Marine Invertebrates

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Initial Difference ◽  
Good Support

1. Schlieper's theory of the function of increased oxygen intake by "homoiosmotic" marine invertebrates in dilute sea water in maintaining their body fluids hypertonic to the surrounding water is discussed, and objections are brought forward to the methods used in the experiments on which his conclusions were based. 2. By periodic weighings, and measurements of respiratory rate (under narcotic) by Barcroft manometers, it was found that the weight of N. diversicolor, on transference to water of low salinity, at first increases and then falls, and that the respiratory rate is at first increased and later tends to decrease. 3. With N. cultrifera the weight increases to a higher value and does not sub sequently fall, and the respiratory rate is also increased but to a lesser extent than with N. diversicolor. 4. These differences in the amount of increase in respiratory rate are more marked in water containing only 16.6 per cent, sea water than in water containing 25 per cent, sea water. 5. N. diversicolor maintains its activity while N. cultifera becomes practically inert in dilute water. The latter does not actually die in 25 per cent, sea water after 100 hours, but dies in 16.6 per cent, sea water after about 50 hours. 6. Exposure to M/1000 KCN or to anaerobic conditions in dilute water tends to break down the mechanism by which the free osmotic inflow of water in N. diversicolor is prevented, and the weight curves under these conditions approach the N. cultrifera form. 7. The respiratory rate of G. ulvae increases progressively with dilution of the sea water, and is roughly proportional to the initial difference of osmotic pressure inside and outside the animal. 8. The swelling of Gunda in dilute water is due to swelling of the gut cells, which become much vacuolated. The other tissues appear unaltered. 9. M/1000 KCN or anaerobic conditions cause a greater amount of swelling in Gunda in a given salinity than normally occurs. 10. These experiments seem to give reasonably good support to Schlieper's hypothesis. 11. The mechanism responsible for this "osmotic resistance" in N. diversicolor must be of a somewhat different nature from that in G. ulvae. 12. A rigid distinction between "homoiosmotic" and "poikilosmotic" marine animals cannot be supported.

scholarly journals Remote monitoring of Molten Core-Concrete Interaction experiment with Optical Fibre Sensors & perspectives to improve nuclear safety – DISCOMS project

2020 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 08004
Author(s):  
L. Maurin ◽  
P. Ferdinand ◽  
V. Bouyer ◽  
A. Denoix ◽  
G. Jouvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibre ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Neutron Detectors ◽  
Optical Fibre Sensors ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Scale Experiment

The DISCOMS project (Distributed Sensing for Corium Monitoring and Safety) aimed at providing innovative solutions not requiring local electrical power supplies, for remote monitoring of a severe nuclear accident. The solutions are based on both long length SPNDs (Self Powered Neutron Detectors) and on distributed OFSs (Optical Fibre Sensors) capable to detect the onset of a severe accident, the corium pouring on the containment building concrete basemat, and its interaction with the concrete floor under the reactor vessel, until it spreads in the core catcher (EPR case). This paper mainly focuses on these last three detection targets achievable with distributed OFSs. It is based on the results of a Molten Core & Concrete Interaction (MCCI) experiment, namely VULCANO, held in June 2018 with a concrete crucible equipped with overall ~ 180 m long optical fibre sensing cables. This small scale experiment (50 kg of prototypical corium) has demonstrated the ability of distributed OFSs to remotely provide useful data during the MCCI run: i) temperature profiles images up to about 580°C (single wavelength Raman DTS reflectometer) until cooling down to room temperature, ii) high spatial-resolution frequency shifts profiles, due to combined (non-selective) strain and temperature influences (Rayleigh OFDR and Brillouin reflectometers), and iii) cables lengths ablated by the corium on sections weakened by the temperature (Raman DTS, Rayleigh OFDR, telecom and photon counting reflectometers).

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