Force And Threat Of Violence Are As The Ways Of Commission Of Rape: National And Foreign Experience

Rape and other sexual assaultsare commonly committed in industrialized countries, and are becoming more common throughout the world. Insome countries’ jurisdictions, male-female rape is the only form of rape counted in the statistics. many countries may not define forced and threat of violence sex on a spouse as “rape”. But those criminal acts are considered a crimein criminal law which belongs to those countries. Although rape is expressed the same in the legislation of different countries, it differs in some. rape as a crime is three the ways of commission crime. They are force, threat and sexual intercourse committed by abuse of helpless. Sometimes rape is committed by other means, with children, serious bodily injury and others. Some terms are used by legislation of different countries. They are: sexual act, sexual contact, force, threat, abuse of helpless, serious bodily injury from rape, by other means. Rape is committed by force or threat knowingly causes another person to engage in a sexual act by using force against that other person or by threatening or placing that other person in fear that any person will be subjected to death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for any term of years or life, or both. On other hand rape is committed by other means knowingly renders another person unconscious and thereby engages in a sexual act with that other person or administers to another person by force or threat of force, or without the knowledge or permission of that person, a drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance and thereby substantially impairs the ability of that other person to appraise or control conduct and engages in a sexual act with that other person or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for any term of years or life, or both. Rape is committed with children means that criminal act knowingly engages in a sexual act with another person who has not attained the age of 12 years, or knowingly engages in a sexual act under the circumstances with another person who has attained the age of 12 years but has not attained the age of 16 years (and is at least 4 years younger than the person so engaging). But in the criminal code of Uzbekistan with children is considered in a sexual act with another person who has not attained the age of 14 years. This article illustrates that the ways commission ofrape, including the theoretical and practical problems of the ways commission of rape. As well as in this article are given relevant conclusions, suggestions and recommendations by the analysis of the criminal law of developed foreign countries (USA, Canada, England and Wales, New Zealand, Germany, France and Russia). In addition, proposals and recommendations for further improvement of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

JULIAN, AETIUS AND ‘THE GALILEANS’

By the mid fourth century c.e., violently divergent Christian communities had developed across the Roman empire: Nicene or Homoousian (God and Jesus ‘are of the same substance’), Homoiousian (‘are of similar substance’), Homoian (Jesus is ‘like’ God), Anomoean or Heterousian (God and Jesus ‘are of different substance’) and others. The first emperor to be a strong supporter of traditional cult in more than a generation, Julian ruled over an empire of numerous religious groups that were often at variance with one another, both extra- and intra-communally, and how all of these should be treated was one of the chief problems pressing the emperor upon his accession in late 361. Julian's religious thought and action during his short sole reign (3 November 361 to 26 June 363) has long exercised scholars, its impact on Christians and Christianity in particular. To be sure, Julian tended to be hostile to Christians and Christianity, but he was by no means hostile to all, and he even favoured some Christians, some of whom he counted among his friends and officials. The emperor's Christian policy thus was complicated. One of the best examples of this complexity is Julian's epistle to the Heterousian Christian leader Aetius (Ep. 15 Wright = 46 Bidez). In a shorter note published in this journal, Pierre-Louis Malosse focussed his attention on Julian's letter to Aetius, which dates to early 362 and which is the only such epistle to this future bishop that is extant. As transmitted, Julian's missive to Aetius is critical for the light it helps to shed on the emperor's views and treatments of Christians at the outset of his sole reign, and my conclusions on this missive differ from those of Malosse.

Acid Rain Contribution from Pesticide Distribution to Rice Farmers in Pati Regency

Productivity rate of rice fields in Regency has been in a surplus condition annually. The fields have produced 7 to 8 tons per hectare, making the total annual rate of 600 tons. The regency, therefore, is considered to be capable of fulfilling its own need for rice and to contribute significantly to the rice needs in Central Java Province. Agriculture coexists with the presence of pesticides. While helping the farmers to combat the plant diseases, pesticides have still been greatly necessary by the local farmers. Distribution by means of transportation devices plays an important role for the dissemination of the pesticides from the producers to their end users. Problem arises due to emission produced during the transportation activities. Transportation emits SO2 as the major contributor to acid rain. To make worse, application in practice by the farmers also emit the similar substance. Annual use of pesticides in Pati Regency has reached 605 tons with SO2 emission of 13,697 kg. It is recommended that distribution management and selection of pesticides are performed by applying an integrated pest control in order to reduce the pesticide emission.

A substance enhancing virus growth and antagonistic to interferon action

An interferon antagonist was obtained free of both cells and virus from a hamster cell line (BHK-21) infected with Sindbis virus. This material was also found to enhance Sindbis virus growth. A method for the assay of the interferon antagonist is described which is based on its capacity to reduce the activity of interferon as measured by a lack of reduction in Sindbis virus plaque numbers. The antagonist was found to be resistant to ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease but sensitive to trypsin. Evidence for the existence of a similar substance in Sindbis virus infected chick embryo cell cultures was also obtained.

‘Corn’

In this country and in those with which we are best acquainted, that large part of the human diet which is derived from grain is mainly eaten in the form of bread. Bread, in order to be palatable and digestible, must be leavened; and this means that the dough must be able to retain some of the carbon dioxide gas produced in it by the agency of yeast or some similar substance. Its capacity for doing this depends upon the presence in the grain of a sufficient amount of proteins of such a kind that when mixed with water they form the elastic substance known as gluten. It is largely because wheat—and especially the species of triticum vulgare to which all our bread wheats belong—is superior to all other grains in this respect that wheat has become the main bread grain of a large part of the world.

CHEMICAL STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS

The addition of active or irradiated T2 bacteriophage and T4 bacteriophage to E. coli B stops bacterial multiplication. The respiratory rate and respiratory quotient of the inhibited bacteria remained at the values observed just before infection. A respiratory rate decrease which occasionally appears can be roughly correlated with change of turbidity of the suspension. An intracellular inhibitor of multiplication appears to be liberated into lysates. A similar substance has been separated from normal E. coli B after sonic disintegration. These bacteriostatic preparations contain cytoplasmic granules with lactic acid dehydrogenase activity. The relationship of these phenomena to the interference effect in this system and others has been considered.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY BY MEANS OF BACTERICIDAL MEASUREMENTS

1. There is in the filtrate of a 5 day broth culture of Type III pneumococcus a type-specific substance which has a very powerful antibactericidal action. If the precipitinogen content of the broth filtrate and the specific carbohydrate is taken as the basis of comparison, it requires approximately one thousand times as much antiserum to neutralize the broth filtrate as is necessary to neutralize the specific carbohydrate. The active substance in the broth filtrate appears to be related to the specific carbohydrate. Its possible nature is discussed. 2. A similar substance, but in stronger concentration, was found in the filtrate of a lung from a Type III pneumonia autopsy. The influence of this substance on the disease is discussed. 3. One specimen of Type III convalescent blood, though comparatively weak in anticarbohydrate antibody (precipitin) was better able to neutralize the broth filtrate and the lung filtrate than a corresponding mixture of normal blood and antiserum. Two other specimens of Type II convalescent blood neutralized the Type III broth filtrate efficiently.

The change of carbon disulphide into a gaseous product condensable and explosive near the temperature of liquid air

In a note communicated to the Society recently we described the preparation and properties of a polymeric form of carbon monosulphide. It was to be expected that carbon monosulphide would be a gas boiling at about –130 C.; yet the interaction of thiophosgene and nickel carbonyl at temperatures as low as –20° C. resulted in the formation of a polymeride, while when the same reaction was tried at –80°C. no change could be observed in the course of several hours. The decomposition of carbon disulphide by light, studied by Sidot, also produces a polymeric form of carbon monosulphide, and we have shown that when this change is effected at –80°C. by means of ultra-violet light a similar substance is apparently formed.

A New Diadumenos Gem

Annexed is a woodcut engraved after an impression from an intaglio formerly in the hands of Signor Castellani, and now in private possession in England. The original, which is half the size of the cut, is a plasma of somewhat rude Roman workmanship. Its subject is unmistakable. It represents a victorious athlete (expressly designated as such by the palm branch placed in a prize jar at his side) who stands at his ease, with the left leg free, and his weight thrown on the right, while he winds the taenia about his head with both hands.So far as I am aware, this is the first representation of the subject on a gem of which an engraving has ever been published. Only one other is known to exist, and that is on a stone of similar substance (plasma di smeraldo), formerly in the collection of a Mr. Currie. A cast of this was issued in the Impronte gemmarie of the Archaeological Institute, cent. VI. no. 73 (see Bull. dell' Inst. 1839, p. 111). It lacks the emblems of the palm branch and jar.

On the corrosion of copper-sheeting by sea-water, and on methods of preventing this effect; and on their application to ships of war and other ships

When copper sheeting, however pure the metal may be, is exposed to sea-water, a green rust is formed upon it; which, when washed off, is replaced by a similar substance, till the whole of the metal is thus destroyed by corrosion. To prevent this effect, the President avails himself of the modification of chemical affinities, derived from electrical power; and in pursuing his researches in relation to this subject, he found the above-mentioned action upon copper counteracted by any weak negative electricity easily excited in it by the contact of a surface of tin not exceeding 1/100 th that of the copper, and made part of an electric circuit in sea-water. Other metals may be substituted, but the facility with which a perfect contact is made by solder with tin, and the facility with which its submuriate detaches from the metal, induce Sir Humphry Davy to regard it as best adapted to the purpose. He observes, further, that the cause which prevents the oxidation of the copper will also probably prevent the adhesion of marine animals and of vegetables. After adverting to the unequivocal and satisfactory results of his experiment made upon a small scale, the author states that the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty have enabled him to make arrangements for pursuing them upon a very extended plan.