scholarly journals Remarks towards establishing a theory of the dispersion of light

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 326-326
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Flint Glass ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Law ◽  
Dispersion Of Light

In an abstract of M. Cauchy’s Theory of Undulations, published in the London and Edinburgh Journal of Science, the author of the present paper deduced a formula expressing precisely the relation between the length of a wave and the velocity of its propagation; and showed that this last quantity is, in fact, the same as the reciprocal of the refractive index. The author here examines, by means of this formula, the relation between the index of refraction and the length of the period, or wave, for each definite ray, throughout the whole series of numerical results which we at present possess; and the conclusion to which he arrives from this comparison, for all the substances examined by Frauenhofer, viz. for four kinds of flint glass, three of crown glass, water, solution of potash, and oil of turpentine, is that the refractive indices observed for each of the seven definite rays are related to the length of waves of the same rays, as nearly as possible according to the formula above deduced from Cauchy’s theory. For all the media as yet accurately examined, therefore, the theory of undulations, as modified by that distinguished analyst, supplies at once both the law and the explanation of the phenomena of the dispersion of light.

The use of a slit in determining refractive indices with the microscope

1917 ◽  
Vol 18 (84) ◽  
pp. 130-132
Author(s):  
John William Evans
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Critical Angle ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Object Image ◽  
Ordinary Object

Certain optical properties of crystals, and more particularly the refractive index, may be determined either in the directions-image, often referred to as the 'image in convergent light', or in the ordinary object-image in which the object itself is seen. In the former case, in which the index of refraction is 'usually determined by means of the critical angle of total-reflection, every point in the image corresponds to a single direction of propagation of the wave-front through the crystal-structure and to the two corresponding directions of vibration. One of these can, however, be eliminated by the insertion of a nicol in an approximate position, and thus all ambiguity in the determination of the refractive index is removed.

scholarly journals Researches towards establishing a theory of the dispersion of light, No. II

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 362-362
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Dispersion Of Light

The author, in a preceding paper, published in the last part of the Philosophical Transactions, commenced a comparison between the results of M. Cauchy’s system of undulations, expressing the theoretical refractive index for each of the standard rays of the spectrum, and the corresponding index found from observation in different media. Since that paper was communicated, he has received the account of a new series of results obtained by M. Rudberg, and comprising the indices for the standard rays in a prism of calcareous spar, and in a prism of quartz, both for the ordinary and the extraordinary rays; and also the ratios of the velocities in the direction of the three axes of elasticity, respectively, in Aragonite and Topaz. The author was accordingly led to examine this valuable series of data, and the comparison of them with the theory forms the subject of the present paper. He finds the coincidences of theory and observation to be at least as close as those already obtained from Frauenhofer’s results, and to afford a satisfactory extension of the theory to ten new cases, in addition to those already discussed; and a further confirmation of the law assigned by the hypothesis of undulations.

Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Refraction Index of Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 716-717 ◽  
pp. 118-121
Author(s):  
Xin Yi Zhao ◽  
Yu Feng Peng ◽  
Cong Cong Zhai ◽  
Xue Yun Han ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Laser Wavelength ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Abbe Refractometer

The refractive index of double-distilled water and inorganic salt solutions of concentrations varying from 0.4 to 100 ppt (‰) have been measured at 20 Celsius degrees using Abbe refractometer, respectively. The inorganic salts such as NaCl, MgSO4, KCl and MgCl2,these forming the major constituents of seawater are used as solutes of the water solution. The effect of the concentration of these constituents on the refractive index of the solution is experimentally investigated. And meanwhile, the index of refraction studies are carried out for the laser wavelength of 405nm, 450nm, 532nm and 633nm under the case of varying concentration. The results show that the refractive index of the solution will be linearly increased with the increase of the concentration of these constituents. The index of refraction differs for the different solutes when their concentration is same at a certain wavelength.

Research on the Method of Measurement of Nonlinear Refractive Index of Optical Materials by Interference of Capillary

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 3468-3471
Author(s):  
Sheng Wen Qi ◽  
An Ping Liu ◽  
Hong Guang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Materials ◽  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Nonlinear Optical Materials ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Effective Index Of Refraction

With the intensity distribution of interference fringes formed by a capillary filled with transparency liquid, the variations in refractive index (RI) of nonlinear optical materials, corresponding to change of the intensity at the centre of fringes for a period, are deduced. Using this conclusion, we measure variations in RI of water solution of methyl orange (MO) excited by laser at 441.6nm. As an experimental result, the change of RI is 0.00216 and the corresponding effective index of refraction is -1.65×10-10 m2W-1. So, it can be used to measure nonlinear optical materials as a novel and simple method.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

Light microscopy of ceramics

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 908-909
Author(s):  
Walter C. McCrone
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lower Refractive Index

An excellent chapter on this subject by V.D. Fréchette appeared in a book edited by L.L. Hench and R.W. Gould in 1971 (1). That chapter with the references cited there provides a very complete coverage of the subject. I will add a more complete coverage of an important polarized light microscope (PLM) technique developed more recently (2). Dispersion staining is based on refractive index and its variation with wavelength (dispersion of index). A particle of, say almandite, a garnet, has refractive indices of nF = 1.789 nm, nD = 1.780 nm and nC = 1.775 nm. A Cargille refractive index liquid having nD = 1.780 nm will have nF = 1.810 and nC = 1.768 nm. Almandite grains will disappear in that liquid when observed with a beam of 589 nm light (D-line), but it will have a lower refractive index than that liquid with 486 nm light (F-line), and a higher index than that liquid with 656 nm light (C-line).

Application of the turbidity ratio method in the spherical particle size determination in the range m ∈ and α ∈

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 2064-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blahoslav Sedláček ◽  
Břetislav Verner ◽  
Miroslav Bárta ◽  
Karel Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Spherical Particle ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Relative Refractive Index ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Given ◽  
Turbidity Ratio ◽  
Selection Of

Basic scattering functions were used in a novel calculation of the turbidity ratios for particles having the relative refractive index m = 1.001, 1.005 (0.005) 1.315 and the size α = 0.05 (0.05) 6.00 (0.10) 15.00 (0.50) 70.00 (1.00) 100, where α = πL/λ, L is the diameter of the spherical particle, λ = Λ/μ1 is the wavelength of light in a medium with the refractive index μ1 and Λ is the wavelength of light in vacuo. The data are tabulated for the wavelength λ = 546.1/μw = 409.357 nm, where μw is the refractive index of water. A procedure has been suggested how to extend the applicability of Tables to various refractive indices of the medium and to various turbidity ratios τa/τb obtained with the individual pairs of wavelengths λa and λb. The selection of these pairs is bound to the sequence condition λa = λ0χa and λb = λ0χb, in which b-a = δ = 1, 2, 3; a = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., b = a + δ = -1, 0, 1, 2, ...; λ0 = λa=0 = 326.675 nm; χ = 546.1 : 435.8 = 1.2531 is the quotient of the given sequence.

A Simple Method for Prediction of Effective Core Area and Index of Refraction of Single-mode Graded Index Fiber in the Low V Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angshuman Majumdar ◽  
Satabdi Das ◽  
Sankar Gangopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Exact Results ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Graded Index ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
V Region ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractBased on the simple power series formulation of fundamental mode developed by Chebyshev formalism in the low V region, we prescribe analytical expression for effective core area of graded index fiber. Taking step and parabolic index fibers as examples, we estimate the effective core areas as well as effective refractive index for different normalized frequencies (V number) having low values. We also show that our estimations match excellently with the available exact results. The concerned predictions by our method require little computation. Thus, this simple but accurate formalism will be user friendly for the system engineers.

X. On the action of the second surfaces of transparent plates upon light

1830 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Remarkable Result ◽  
The Law ◽  
Polarization Of Light

In a paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflexion, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1815, I showed that the Law of the Tangents was rigorously true for the second surfaces of transparent bodies, provided that the sine of the angle of incidence was less than the reciprocal of the index of refraction. The action of the second surfaces of plates at angles of incidence different from the maximum polarizing angle, was studied by M. Arago, who conducted his experiments in the following manner. “With respect to this phænomenon,” says M. Arago, “a remarkable result of experiment may here be noticed; that is, that in every possible inclination A = A'.

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