Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Refraction Index of Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 716-717 ◽  
pp. 118-121
Author(s):  
Xin Yi Zhao ◽  
Yu Feng Peng ◽  
Cong Cong Zhai ◽  
Xue Yun Han ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Laser Wavelength ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Abbe Refractometer

The refractive index of double-distilled water and inorganic salt solutions of concentrations varying from 0.4 to 100 ppt (‰) have been measured at 20 Celsius degrees using Abbe refractometer, respectively. The inorganic salts such as NaCl, MgSO4, KCl and MgCl2,these forming the major constituents of seawater are used as solutes of the water solution. The effect of the concentration of these constituents on the refractive index of the solution is experimentally investigated. And meanwhile, the index of refraction studies are carried out for the laser wavelength of 405nm, 450nm, 532nm and 633nm under the case of varying concentration. The results show that the refractive index of the solution will be linearly increased with the increase of the concentration of these constituents. The index of refraction differs for the different solutes when their concentration is same at a certain wavelength.

Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Natural Dyes Freestanding Films and Application in Optical Limiting

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-143
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Optical Limiting ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Laser Wavelength ◽  
Solid State Laser ◽  
Natural Dyes ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
532 Nm ◽  
Absorbance Spectra

Natural dyes were followed and prepared from a pomegranate, purple carrot, and eggplant peel. The absorbance spectra was measured in the wavelength range 300-800 nm. The linear properties measurements of the prepared natural dye freestanding films were determined include absorption coefficient (α0), extinction coefficient (κ), and linear refraction index (n). The nonlinear refractive index n2 and nonlinear absorption coefficient β2 of the natural dyes in the water solution were measured by the optical z-scan technique under a pumped solid state laser at a laser wavelength of 532 nm. The results indicated that the pomegranate dye can be promising candidates for optical limiting applications with significantly low optical limiting of 3.5 mW.

Depression of freezing temperature of water and water solutions in porous materials

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 2644-2647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Schneider ◽  
Jiří Rathouský
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Porous Materials ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Water Solutions

In porous materials filled with water or water solutions of inorganic salts, water freezes at lower temperatures than under normal conditions; the reason is the decrease of water vapor tension above the convex meniscus of liquid in pores. The freezing point depression is not very significant in pores with radii from 0.05 μm to 10 μm (about 0.01-2.5 K). Only in smaller pores, especially when filled with inorganic salt solutions, this depression is important.

scholarly journals Remarks towards establishing a theory of the dispersion of light

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 326-326
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Flint Glass ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Law ◽  
Dispersion Of Light

In an abstract of M. Cauchy’s Theory of Undulations, published in the London and Edinburgh Journal of Science, the author of the present paper deduced a formula expressing precisely the relation between the length of a wave and the velocity of its propagation; and showed that this last quantity is, in fact, the same as the reciprocal of the refractive index. The author here examines, by means of this formula, the relation between the index of refraction and the length of the period, or wave, for each definite ray, throughout the whole series of numerical results which we at present possess; and the conclusion to which he arrives from this comparison, for all the substances examined by Frauenhofer, viz. for four kinds of flint glass, three of crown glass, water, solution of potash, and oil of turpentine, is that the refractive indices observed for each of the seven definite rays are related to the length of waves of the same rays, as nearly as possible according to the formula above deduced from Cauchy’s theory. For all the media as yet accurately examined, therefore, the theory of undulations, as modified by that distinguished analyst, supplies at once both the law and the explanation of the phenomena of the dispersion of light.

scholarly journals The Study of Influence of the Teslar Technology on Aqueous Solution of Some Biomolecules

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Andreev ◽  
G. Dovbeshko ◽  
V. Krasnoholovets
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Characteristic Time ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Matter Waves ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Time Of Reaction

The possibility of recording physical changes in aqueos solutions caused by a unique field generated by the Teslar chip (TC) inside a quartz wristwatch has been studied using holographic interferometry. We show that the refraction index of degassed pure distilled water and aqueous solutions of L-tyrosine and b-alanine affected by the TC does not change during the first 10 minutes of influence. In contrast, a 1% aqueous solution of plasma extracted from the blood of a patient with heart vascular disease changes the refractive index when affected by the TC. The characteristic time of reaction is about 102 seconds. Based on our prior research experience, we state that the response of the system studied to the TC's field is similar to that stipulated by the action of a constant magnetic field with the intensity of 1.1×10−3 T. Nevertheless, our team have unambiguously proved that the TC generates the inerton field, which is associated with a substructure of the matter waves (and, therefore, it does not relate to the electromagnetic nature). We could unambiguously prove that the TC generates the inerton field.

Research on the Method of Measurement of Nonlinear Refractive Index of Optical Materials by Interference of Capillary

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 3468-3471
Author(s):  
Sheng Wen Qi ◽  
An Ping Liu ◽  
Hong Guang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Materials ◽  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Nonlinear Optical Materials ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Effective Index Of Refraction

With the intensity distribution of interference fringes formed by a capillary filled with transparency liquid, the variations in refractive index (RI) of nonlinear optical materials, corresponding to change of the intensity at the centre of fringes for a period, are deduced. Using this conclusion, we measure variations in RI of water solution of methyl orange (MO) excited by laser at 441.6nm. As an experimental result, the change of RI is 0.00216 and the corresponding effective index of refraction is -1.65×10-10 m2W-1. So, it can be used to measure nonlinear optical materials as a novel and simple method.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

Spray-Tank-Mix Compatibility of Manganese, Boron, and Fungicide: Solution pH and Precipitation1

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate

Abstract Foliar application of manganese and boron mixed with pesticides in water solution is a common practice for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. This study was conducted to determine the compatibility of mixing manganese, boron, and leafspot fungicides using water from three sources. Spray mixtures of the chelated manganese salt of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate and the inorganic salts of manganese as manganese sulfate(TECMANGAMTM), manganese sulfate monohydrate, manganese chloride, and manganese nitrate were developed using deep-well water, shallow well water, or distilled water. Boron was added to these mixtures using boric acid or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. In addition, all combinations were mixed with the leafspot fungicides chlorothalonil or cupric hydroxide plus sulfur. Mixtures were equivalent to recommended rates of manganese, boron, and fungicide applied to the foliage in 140 L ha-1 of spray volume. Measurements were made of solution pH and manganese remaining in solution after filtration. Development of precipitates was noted. In the deep-well water solution (pH = 8.0), addition of manganese sulfate, manganese sulfate monohydrate and manganese chloride caused precipitates to form. Manganese nitrate and chelated manganese solutions did not form precipitates. Addition of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate increased the tank-mix pH for all waters source, and caused increased precipitation of the manganese inorganic salts, but not the chelated manganese. Use of boric acid in the water lowered solution pH, and all manganese sources remained in solution. Spray-tank-mix pH was critical in keeping all manganese inorganic salts in solution. For all pH levels studied (pH 4.6 to 8.4) the chelated manganese remained in solution without formation of a precipitate. Chemical analyses of the filtrate showed that only 75 to 80% of the inorganic salts of manganese remained in solution with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, while 100% of the chelated manganese salt remained in solution. Inorganic salts of manganese and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate should not be mixed with chlorothalonil, and none of the manganese materials should be mixed with cupric hydroxide plus sulfur as a spray-tank-mixture for foliar application.

A Simple Method for Prediction of Effective Core Area and Index of Refraction of Single-mode Graded Index Fiber in the Low V Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angshuman Majumdar ◽  
Satabdi Das ◽  
Sankar Gangopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Exact Results ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Graded Index ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
V Region ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractBased on the simple power series formulation of fundamental mode developed by Chebyshev formalism in the low V region, we prescribe analytical expression for effective core area of graded index fiber. Taking step and parabolic index fibers as examples, we estimate the effective core areas as well as effective refractive index for different normalized frequencies (V number) having low values. We also show that our estimations match excellently with the available exact results. The concerned predictions by our method require little computation. Thus, this simple but accurate formalism will be user friendly for the system engineers.

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