On the corpuscles of the blood. Part II

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 283-284
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Corpuscle ◽  
Single Object ◽  
The One ◽  
Determinate Form ◽  
Distinct Object

The observations recorded in this memoir are founded on an examination of the blood in every class of vertebrated animals, in some of the Invertebrata, and in the embryo of Mammalia and Birds. The nucleus of the blood-corpuscle, usually considered as a single object, is here represented as composed, in some instances, of two, three, or even many parts; these parts having a constant and determinate form. In the substance surrounding the nucleus, the author has frequently been able to discern, not merely “red colouring matter,” but cell-like objects; and he points out an orifice as existing at certain periods in the delicate membrane by which this substance is surrounded. In a former memoir he had differed no less from previous observers regarding “cells.” He had shown, for instance, that the nucleus of the cell, instead of being “cast off as useless, and absorbed,” is a centre for the origin, not only of the transitory contents of its own cell, but also of the two or three principal and last-formed cells, destined to succeed that cell; and that a separation of the nucleus into two or three parts, is not, as Dr. Henle had supposed in the case of the Pus and Mucus-globule (the only instances in which the separation in question had been observed), the effect of acetic acid, used in the examination,—but that such separation is natural, apparently common to nuclei in general, and forming part of the process by which cells are reproduced. The author had farther shown the so-called nucleolus to be not a distinct object existing before the nucleus, but merely one of a series of appearances arising in succession, the one within the other, at a certain part of the nucleus, and continuing to arise even after the formation of the cell. These views he now confirms; and in the present paper shows that they admit of being extended to the corpuscles of the blood.

scholarly journals VI. The blood-corpuscle considered in its different phases of development in the animal series. Memoir III.— Comparison between the blood-corpuscle of the vertebrata and that of the invertebrata

1846 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Blood Corpuscle ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
The One

1. In instituting a comparison between the blood-corpuscle, in its different phases of development, of the Vertebrata and that of the Invertebrata, it is obvious that the examples first taken for the purpose ought to be selected from the lowest class of the oviparous Vertebrata on the one hand, and from the highest class of the highest division of the Invertebrata on the other. 2. In accordance with this I proceed to compare together the blood-corpuscles of the Skate and Crab.

Potential nootropic agents: Synthesis of some (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamides and some related compounds

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 2756-2764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Valenta ◽  
Jiří Holubek ◽  
Emil Svátek ◽  
Martin Valchář ◽  
Ivan Krejčí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Acetyl Chloride ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anticonvulsant Effect ◽  
Mixed Anhydride ◽  
Ester Exchange ◽  
Nootropic Agents ◽  
The One ◽  
Related Compounds

Ethyl (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetate was transformed by ester exchange to the 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester VI which was converted to the choline iodide ester VII. The mixed anhydride of (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetic acid and monoethyl carbonate was reacted with ethyl aminoacetate to give the ester VIII which was transformed on the one hand to the amide IX, and to the 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester X on the other. Reaction of the latter with methyl iodide afforded a further choline iodide ester XI. Reactions of (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetyl chloride with 4-chloroaniline and 3-aminopyridine gave the amides XII and XIV. The anilide XIII was obtained from 2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)butyric acid and 4-chloroaniline by means of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The benzo analogue (XV) of piracetam (I) was synthesized from oxindole via the ester XVI. The anilide XII (V⁄FB-16 536) was found to potentiate significantly the anticonvulsant effect of diazepam in mice, to prolong the survival time of mice under conditions of nitrogen anoxia, and to prolong significantly the duration of the "gasping reflex" in mice.

scholarly journals Syntax and semantics of the dative case

2004 ◽  
pp. 67-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Antonic
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Object ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Contemporary Standard

In this paper, the author presents the survey of syntactic-semantic, and, in relevant instances, also pragmatic-semantic characteristics of the dative case in the contemporary standard Serbian language. On the one hand, the existing, extensive descriptions of syntactic-semantic behavior of the dative case in large grammar books (cf. Danicic 1858; Stevanovic 1979) taking into account the time when they were written - by their methodological approach and manner of presentation belong to the history of grammatical description; and, by the corpus they described, they belong to the history of the standard Serbian language. On the other hand, unlike other cases in the Serbian language, the dative case has not been monographically described so far, but it has been extensively discussed only in the confrontative research of the Russian and the Serbian language (cf. Milinkovic 1988). Taking into account all these facts, this paper is the author's attempt to point out to the well known characteristics of the dative case, along with some new details, presented in a different manner than before, but systematically comprehensively, clearly and, at the same time, without the extensive description of details irrelevant for the whole system. The author distinguishes eleven basic types of the dative case in the contemporary standard Serbian language. These are: the subject dative, the predicative dative, the object directive dative (that is the dative as the indirect object [the second object] and the explicative dative as the complement and at the same time, as a broadly understood, object-goal [and the single object at the same time], the possesive dative, the spatial directive dative, the instrumental dative, the causative dative, the criterion dative, the concessive dative, the ethic dative, and the dative in the speech acts of oaths and praises.

Snapping Together: Condensation Polymerization

Reactions ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Protein Molecule ◽  
Proton Donor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Proton Acceptor ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Condensation Polymerization ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One

One of the most famous of all plastics is nylon. I shall use it to represent how the second type of polymers is made. There are many varieties of nylon, but it will be enough to consider just one exemplar, the one known as ‘nylon-66’. It is so called because the repeating motif is a chain of six carbon atoms, then a group of atoms that provide a link, and then another chain of six carbon atoms. The pattern C6-link-C6 is repeated indefinitely to give the ‘66’ polymer. As you will see in more detail in Reaction 27, nylon is a very primitive version of a protein-like molecule, the molecules that control all bodily process and also form claws, nails, and hair. A protein molecule has the same links but more varied combinations of carbon atoms. It is, however, an interesting point that we clad our exteriors in material that emulates our interiors. One of the molecules used to build the polymer is 1 (on the next page; note the six C atoms). As it happens, this molecule is a close relative, with four and five C atoms respectively instead of six, of the two compounds cadaverine and putrescine, with names indicate their origin and odour. Thus, not only does nylon emulate the living, but we clad ourselves in molecules akin to the odour of death. The other molecule we need is 2 (note the six C atoms again). The task of the nylon manufacturer is to link the –NH2 end of one molecule to the –COOH end of the other molecule, then doing it over and over again to grow long spindly polymer molecules. You know from Reaction 2 that NH3 is a base (a proton acceptor), so you should be able to accept that the –NH2 business end of molecule 1 is also a base. Similarly, you saw in the same discussion that –COOH is a structural motif of acetic acid, an acid (a proton donor), so you should be able to see that the business end of molecule 2 is an acid.

Noncataleptic potential neuroleptics: 2-Methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazino)- and -10-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazino]-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 2677-2688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Valenta ◽  
Jiří Jílek ◽  
Josef Pomykáček ◽  
Antonín Dlabač ◽  
Martin Valchář ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenyl Acetic Acid ◽  
Dopamine Metabolites ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Piperazine ◽  
Central Depressant

[5-Methyl-2-(phenylthio)phenyl]acetic acid (XV) was synthesized on the one hand from the acid VIII using the known homologization technique via the alcohol X and nitrile XII, on the other from 5-methyl-2-(phenylthio)acetophenone (XIII) by means of the Willgerodt reaction. Via the intermediates XIX and XX, the synthesis led to 10-chloro-2-methyl-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin (XXI), giving by treatment with 1-methylpiperazine and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine the title compounds III and IV. These compounds have low cataleptic and high central depressant activity; on the other hand, they do not influence the levels of dopamine metabolites in the rat brain which is considered an indication of their lacking the neuroleptic character.

scholarly journals II. Note on a new class of alcohols

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Aspect ◽  
New Class ◽  
Dry Distillation ◽  
The One

On submitting to dry distillation glycerine, either alone or together with bisulphate of potassium or anhydrous phosphoric acid, M. Redtenbacher obtained a remarkable product, to which he gave the name of acroleine. Presenting all the characters of an aldehyde, and approximating more particularly to vinic aldehyde by the general aspect of its reactions, this substance changes under the influence of oxidizing bodies, especially of oxide of silver, an acid being formed, named by this philosopher acrylic acid, an acid which stands in the same relation to acroleine as acetic acid does to aldehyde. The researches of MM. Will and Wertheim on the essential oils of mustard and of garlic, tended to indicate a relation between these substances on the one hand and acroleine and acrylic acid on the other, a result which was established by the more recent investiga­tions of MM. Berthelot and De Luca. On studying the action of iodide of phosphorus on glycerine, these chemists obtained an iodinecompound named by them iodide of propylene, which is an analogue of the chloride and bromide of propylene, previously produced by MM. Cahours, Reynolds, and Hofmann, when submitting to the action of chlorine and bromine the gases which are formed when either amylic alcohol or valeric acid and its homologues are exposed to the influence of heat.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Das Ende der Postdemokratie, den Pessimismus überwinden.

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (188) ◽  
pp. 487-494
Author(s):  
Daniel Mullis
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
The One

In recent years, political and social conditions have changed dramatically. Many analyses help to capture these dynamics. However, they produce political pessimism: on the one hand there is the image of regression and on the other, a direct link is made between socio-economic decline and the rise of the far-right. To counter these aspects, this article argues that current political events are to be understood less as ‘regression’ but rather as a moment of movement and the return of deep political struggles. Referring to Jacques Ranciere’s political thought, the current conditions can be captured as the ‘end of post-democracy’. This approach changes the perspective on current social dynamics in a productive way. It allows for an emphasis on movement and the recognition of the windows of opportunity for emancipatory struggles.

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