Chemistry, Society and Uncertainty

In recent years, besides the increased interest in philosophy of chemistry, we have witnessed a "material turn" in philosophy and the history of sciences with an interest in putting instruments, objects, materials and practices at the core of historical reports. Since its alchemic past, chemistry has worked with and on materials, so that its history is also a "material history". Thus, in the wake of this "material turn", it is up to philosophy and the history of chemistry to perceive the chemical substances, the chemists that create them and the industries that produce them as part of culture, society and politics. This overlap between chemical reasoning and materiality as well as the artificial character of its products makes chemistry an eminently technoscientific science. In this context, we will analyze the most general aspect that led us to identify it as "technoscientific", the hybrid that exists between chemistry and society. With that, we intend to argue in favor of considering the modern societal necessities (material, environmental, and human) with chemistry, in an effort to build a more harmonious relationship, being that it will be long and, maybe, indissoluble. Following that, our aim is to develop a concept that cannot be separated from the capillarity of chemistry in societies and the environment, the imprevisibility and essential uncertainty of the behavior of chemical entities in multiple contexts. Finally, we will highlight some reflections concerning chemical ethics associated with the production and creation of new substances that may become a part of the lifeworld.

Investigation of Swirl Stabilized CH4 Air Flame with Varied Hydrogen Content by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to Study the Temperature Field and Flame Shape

In the current paper, numerical simulations of the combustion of turbulent CH4-H2 are presented employing the standard k-epsilon and the RNG k-epsilon for turbulence closure. The Fr-ED concept is carried out to account for chemistry/ turbulence interaction. The hydrogen content is varied in the fuel stream from 0% to 100%. The numerical solutions are validated by comparison with corresponding experimental data from the Combustion Laboratory of the University of Milan. The flow is directed radially outward. This method of fuel injection has been already been explored experimentally. The results show that the structure of the flame is described reasonably and both standard k-ɛ and RNG k- ɛ models can predict the flame shape. The general aspect of the temperature profiles is well predicted. The temperature profiles are indicating a different trend between CH4 and CH4/H2 fuel mixtures.

Displacement in the poetry of tramps

In this research I dealt with the phenomenon of displacement in the poetry of tramps in the pre-Islamic era, and I was able to identify this phenomenon and manifest it as a stylistic phenomenon that formed a general aspect not limited to language. Rather, it expanded to constitute a deviation of a social, cultural and intellectual system that was isolated from the parent system of the standard pre-Islamic society. The nature of the research necessitated its distribution to four sections. In the first section, it dealt with the meaning of displacement and its importance in stylistic studies. In the second topic, it dealt with the phenomenon of social displacement, while the third topic dealt with displacement at the level of building the poem. Then, Pappers stamped it with the results of the search. The key word: Displacement Tramps Poetry

Frequentadores de academias do ramo fitness em condições de pendularidade na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia (Gym goers in the fitness industry in pendularity conditions at the Brazil-Bolivia border)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal descrever aspectos gerais sobre os frequentadores (alunos/clientes - praticantes da musculação) de academias brasileiras do ramo fitness e que residem na Bolívia e, ao mesmo tempo, compreender a opinião dos responsáveis (proprietários/responsáveis/professores) desses espaços na cidade de Corumbá-MS (Brasil), especialmente considerando a condição de pendularidade dos usuários na fronteira estudada. Foram mapeadas, exclusivamente, as academias de “livre acesso” (sem treinamento personalizado), bem como que atendesse alunos em condição de pendularidade, praticantes de musculação e que autorizaram o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Desta forma, a amostra teve duas unidades selecionadas, sendo que foram aplicados questionários com perguntas abertas e fechadas aos dois grupos delimitados (alunos/clientes e proprietários/responsáveis/professores). Os resultados preliminares mostram que a aderência e frequência desses espaços fitness, na visão dos alunos/clientes pendulares, se dá por diferentes motivos, destacando-se a boa localização, preço/qualidade, emagrecimento, manutenção da saúde, treinamento esportivo, enquanto que na visão dos proprietários/responsáveis/professores destacam-se a boa comunicação e a importância no fomento da economia/comércio local. Concluímos, portanto, que por se tratar de uma região fronteiriça, torna-se de extrema importância descrever os aspectos gerais desse público, sobretudo ressaltando os motivos do movimento pendular nesse seguimento fitness. Os resultados, embrionários, também reforçam a necessidade de mais estudos para compreender melhor a frequência e participação desses sujeitos em condição pendular nos diferentes espaços fitness da região. Abstract: The present study had as main objective to describe general aspect the regulars (students/clients - bodybuilding practitioners) of brazilian fitness gyms that reside in Bolivia and, at the same time, to understand the opinion of those responsible (owners/guardians/teachers) of these spaces in the city of Corumbá-MS (Brazil), especially considering the condition of pendularity of users on the studied border. The “free access” gyms (without personalized training) were mapped, as well as that attended students in a condition of pendularity, practitioners of weight training and who authorized the development of the research. In this way, the sample had two units selected, and questionnaires with open and closed questions were applied to the two delimited groups (students/clients and owners/guardians/teachers). Preliminary results show that the adherence and frequency of these fitness spaces, in the view of students/clients pendularity, occurs for different reasons, highlighting the good location, price/quality, weight loss, health maintenance, sports training, while in the view of the owners/guardians/teachers, good communication and importance in fostering the local economy/trade are highlighted. We conclude, therefore, that because it is a border region, it becomes extremely important to describe the general aspect of this audience, especially highlighting the reasons for the pendular movement in this fitness segment. The embryonic results also reinforce the need for further studies to better understand the frequency and participation of these subjects in pendulum condition in the different fitness spaces in the region.

Pandemic metaphors: bibliometric study of the COVID-19 (co)llateral effects

The objective of this study is to analyze the (co)llateral effects of the pandemic in a general aspect, showing positive and negative effects. However, highlighting marked changes to the environment, given the time when the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere received a mandatory reduction as a result of social confinement. The methodological basis used is a systematic literature review, consulted in impact databases by the scientific community. We chose to search the Web of science, Science Direct and PubMed databases. The search keys were: pandemic, COVID-19, new coronavirus, effects of COVID-19. In addition, to analyze the presence of conceptual metaphors, opinion articles published in the world media, and published on the web during a pandemic were selected. The choice of texts is based on the theme of the new coronavirus and its impacts. The theoretical bias of Lakoff (1987; 2006) is adopted to explain metaphor on the cognitive plane, as a natural process of the human mind, that is, a way of thinking. This research is characterized in qualitative, bibliographic and analysis of content. The results show that the conceptual metaphors reveal an image of COVID-19 as the "savior" of the environment, for having forced man to stop as a need for carbon. It was concluded that the conceptual metaphors, being of a cognitive nature, appear in the form discourse, showing COVID-19 as agents of positive effects on the environment and business for the other areas of society.

Cumplimiento de la normativa española (UNE-EN) para las canastas de baloncesto y porterías de fútbol en las instalaciones deportivas municipales en el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara, México (Compliance with the Spanish standard (UNE-EN) for basketball

La seguridad en el ámbito deportivo es una necesidad y derecho para todas las personas, cuya obligación y responsabilidad estará a cargo de quienes depende garantizar la seguridad. En México, en la década de 2010 a 2019 se registraron 40 casos de personas, principalmente menores, que perdieron la vida cuando realizaban práctica de fútbol y baloncesto por la caída encima de la portería y/o la canasta. Este país carece de estudios y normativa sobre la seguridad en espacios y equipamientos en instalaciones deportivas. Por tanto, de forma pionera se recurrió a la normativa europea UNE-EN 748:2013+A1:2018 y 1270:2006, respectivamente. Se inspeccionaron 122 porterías de fútbol y 260 canastas de baloncesto de instalaciones deportivas de gestión municipal del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara, México. Los resultados indican que el porcentaje general de cumplimiento de la normativa sería del 43.17±12.08 para las canastas de baloncesto y el 42.25±10.14 las porterías de fútbol. Los aspectos generales es el apartado que menor cumplimiento registra para ambos equipamientos, contrario a los apartados relativos al tablero y la red que son los que mayor cumplimiento presentan en canastas y porterías, respectivamente. De esta forma se evidencia no sólo la falta de cumplimiento, sino la necesidad de mostrar datos para planificar de forma estratégica acciones de mejora. Se requiere de Políticas Públicas sobre legislación y seguridad para instalaciones deportivas que ayuden a los gestores, entrenadores, etc. a mejorar en la conciencia de la seguridad en la práctica deportiva. Abstract. Safety in the sports fields is a necessity and a right of all people, whose obligation and responsibility will be in charge of those who guarantee safety in sports facilities. In Mexico, in the decade from 2010 to 2019, there were 40 cases of people, mainly minors under 18 years old, who lost their lives while practicing soccer and basketball due to falling of the soccer goalpost and/or the basketball basket. This country lacks research studies and regulations on safety in sports equipment and facilities. Therefore, in an innovative way, the European standard UNE-EN 748:2013+A1:2018 y 1270:2006 were used, respectively. 122 soccer goalposts and 260 basketball baskets were inspected in public sports facilities, which are administered by the municipality in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico. The results indicate that the general percentage of compliance with the regulations would be 43.17 ± 12.08 for basketball basket and 42.25 ± 10.14 for soccer goalposts. General aspect is the section with the lowest compliance for both equipment’s, meanwhile the board and the basketball net present better percentage of compliance. In this way, not only the lack of compliance is evidenced, but also the need to show data for improvement actions. Public Policies of legislation and safety of sports facilities are required to help managers, coaches, etc. to improve safety awareness in sports practice.

Micro-geographic variation in burrow use of Agassiz’s desert tortoises in the Sonoran Desert of California

Little has been published regarding the burrowing habits of Agassiz’s desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the Sonoran Desert of California. We monitored the interactions of tortoises with their burrows, and other tortoises, via radio-telemetry at two nearby sites between the Cottonwood and Orocopia Mountains, from 2015-2018. We examined how annual cycles of drought and non-drought years, behaviourally affected how tortoises use their burrows (i.e., burrow fidelity, cohabitation, and location), including the timing of the tortoise brumation period. Burrow locations were strongly dependent on local geology and topography, with a tendency to orientate in conformance with the general aspect of the landscape. The timing of brumation was similar to records for G. agassizii throughout their range (with a few exceptions). There was no difference in the estimated number of burrows used per 30 days between the active seasons (2017 and 2018) at the Orocopia site, despite the occurrence of drought in 2018.

Consonantal Structures in Phonetics and Phonology

The purpose of this study is to present and compare two different approaches (a phonetic approach and a phonological one) for the speech sound systems of natural languages. To this end, this study investigates natural speech sound systems with the consonantal systems of four Slavic languages, Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian and Croatian, on the basis of phonetic and phonological approaches. In the phonetic approach, the consonant inventories of the four Slavic languages are analyzed with the theory of maximal and sufficient dispersion and the size principle, together with a frequency-based statistical approach. Segmental universals are discussed regarding sound types such as obstruents and sonorants. From the phonetic approach, it is shown that Slavic consonant systems are very unusual in terms of natural languages. Palatalized sounds in Russian and affricates and fricatives in Russian and Polish support that the Slavic consonantal system is far removed from the general aspect of human languages. On the other hand, with the phonological approach, four of the five feature-based principles proposed by Clements are employed to reveal the universals of the languages. They are Feature Economy, Marked Feature Avoidance, Robustness and Phonological enhancement. What we have seen is that some unsolved problems from the phonetic approach are explained by phonological accounts. The fact that Russian has plenty of segments represented by [+palatal] may not be unusual with respect to a feature-based approach. In addition, while the phonetic approach claims that Slavic languages (in particular, Russian and Polish) have different consonantal systems from the general aspect of natural languages because of the marked segments, the phonological approach accounts for the universals of these languages in the light of Robustness and Feature Economy. In short, what we get from phonetic accounts are language universals, found by frequency-based statistical approach while what we get from phonological accounts, using a feature-based approach, are linguistic universals.