VI. Researches on the colouring matters derived from coal-tar.— II. On aniline-blue

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Aniline Blue ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
First Time ◽  
Great Simplicity

Among the several stages which mark the development of the industry of coal-tar colours, the discovery of the transformation of aniliue-red into aniline-blue will always hold a prominent position. This transition, for the first time observed by MM. Girard and De Laire, two young French chemists of M. Pelouze’s Laboratory, and subsequently matured by M. Persoz, De Laynes, and Salvetat, has become the foundation of an enormous industrial production, which, having received a powerful impulse by MM. Renard Brothers and Franc in France, and more recently by Messrs. Simpson, Maule, and Nicholson in this country, has rapidly attained to proportions of colossal magnitude. The transformation of aniline-red into aniline-blue is accomplished by a process of great simplicity, and consists, briefly expressed, in the treatment at a high temperature of rosaniline with an excess of aniline. The mode of this treatment is by no means indifferent. Rosaniline itself cannot in this manner conveniently be converted into the blue colouring matter; the transformation is, however, easily accomplished by heating rosaniline salts with aniline, or, vice versâ , rosaniline with salts of aniline. Again, the nature of the acids with which the bases are combined is by no means without influence upon the result of the operation; manufacturers give a decided preference to organic acids, such as acetic or benzoic acids.

Diffusivity, Solubility and Speciation of Sulphur in Silicate Melts

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stelling ◽  
Harald Behrens ◽  
Joachim Deubener ◽  
Stefan Mangold ◽  
Joerg Goettlicher
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Silicate Melts ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffusion Couple Technique ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Diffusion Profiles

Diffusion and solubility of sulphur have important effects on the degassing of silicate melts. Both properties are closely related to the structural incorporation of sulphur in the melt. Depending on the oxygen fugacity, sulphur can be present as sulphide (S2-), sulphite (S4+) or sulphate (S6+). Sulphates play an important role in the industrial production of glasses especially in the fining process. The decomposition products of sulphate amass in bubbles which ascend and homogenize the melt. Structural incorporation of sulphur in glasses is studied by XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy). Diffusion of sulphur is investigated in simple silicate systems using the diffusion couple technique. First diffusion profiles were measured in sodium trisilicate glasses by electron microprobe. The results indicate that sulphur diffusivity in high temperature melts is close to the Eyring diffusivity calculated from viscosity data.

Could black anti-hail net have an extra role as an amelioration agent against heat stress in kiwifruit?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Peter A. Roussos ◽  
Athanassios Tsafouros ◽  
Efstathios Ntanos ◽  
Nikoleta-Kleio Denaxa ◽  
Anna Kosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Hail Net ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Present Trial

BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit plants are extremely sensitive to hail storms. Black anti-hail nets are the most frequently used in kiwifruit culture, to protect both the plant and current as well as future production. OBJECTIVE: The present trial aimed to assess if the black hail net could also serve as an amelioration agent against high temperature and irradiance during the summer months. METHODS: The photosynthetic capacity, the yield, and fruit quality (carbohydrates, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity) of “Hayward” kiwifruit cultivar, both at harvest and after three months of storage were evaluated. RESULTS: Photosynthetic capacity under the net was slightly higher compared to control, while leaf temperature was always lower during the summer and autumn. The yield was significantly enhanced under the net, while the fruits exhibited higher titratable acidity, organic acids, and ascorbic acid concentration. After the storage, fruits produced from vines grown under net still had higher organic acid content, as well as total soluble solids but lower antioxidant capacity compared to control. CONCLUSIONS: Net installation above kiwifruit canopy seems to alleviate the effects of high temperature and heat load on kiwifruit vines, under saturating light intensity, inducing higher yields with good fruit quality.

Xps Analysis of the Sapphire Surface as a Function of High Temperature Vacuum Annealing

1989 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Binding Energy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Vacuum Annealing ◽  
Xps Analysis ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Cleaning Procedure ◽  
Sapphire Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTFor the first time the (1102) surface of sapphire has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to ascertain chemical changes resulting from annealing in vacuum at 1300° C and 1450° C. As received substrates had a substantial surface C contaminant. For substrates that were chemically cleaned before inserting them into the MBE system no trace of carbon is detected. A residual flourine contaminant results from the cleaning procedure and is desorbed by the vacuum annealing. Spectra of annealed substrates are compared to the unannealed chemically cleaned substrates. The annealed substrates exhibit 0.4 to 0.5 eV shift to higher binding energy of the Al peak and a 0.3 eV shift to higher binding energy of the O peak. In addition, a 2% depletion of oxygen from the surface occurs.

scholarly journals The Influence of pH and Temperature on Water as a Pressurized Fluid in the Extraction of Bioactive Myconutrients from Chaga Mushroom (Inonotus obliquus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah ◽  
Amber Critch ◽  
Charles Manful ◽  
Amanda Rajakaruna ◽  
Natalia Prieto Vidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Inonotus Obliquus ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Green Food ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
First Time

Mushrooms have long rich history in folk medicine, traditional and functional foods due to high content of dietary myco-nutrients. Currently, there is increased interest in finding appropriate food-grade green ex-traction systems capable of extracting these bioactive compounds from dietary mushrooms for applica-tions in various food, pharmacological or nutraceutical formulations. Herein, we evaluated a modified Swiss water process (SWP) method using alkaline and acidic pH at low and high temperature under pressurized conditions as a suitable green food grade solvent to obtained extracts enriched with my-co-nutrients (dietary phenolics, total antioxidants (TAA), vitamins, and minerals) from Chaga. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAMS-MS/MS) was used to assess the phenolic compounds and vitamin levels in the extracts, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral con-tents. Over twenty phenolic compounds were quantitatively evaluated in the extracts and the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed at pH11.5 at 100°C. The most abundant phenolic compounds present in Chaga extracts included phenolic acids such as protocatechuic acid 4-glucoside (0.7-1.08µg/mL), syringic acid (0.62-1.18µg/mL), and myricetin (0.68-1.3µg/mL). Vitamins are being reported for the first time in Chaga. pH 2.5 at 100°C treatment shows superior effects in extracting the B vitamins whereas pH 2.5 at 60 and 100°C treatments were outstanding for extraction of total fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin E content was the highest for the fat-soluble vitamins in the Chaga extract under acidic pH (2.5) and high temp. (100°C) and ranges between 50 to 175 µg/100g Chaga. Antioxidant minerals ranged from 85.94 µg/g (pH7 at 100°C) to 113.86 µg/g DW (pH2.5 at 100°C). High temperature 100°C and a pH of 2.5 or 9.5. The treatment of pH11.5 at 100°C was the most useful for recovering phenolics and antioxidants from Chaga including several phenolic compounds reported for the first time in Chaga. SWP is being proposed herein for the first time as a novel, green food-grade solvent system for the extraction of myco-nutrients from Chaga and have potential applications as a suitable approach to extract nutrients from other matrices. Chaga extracts enriched with bioactive myconutrients and antioxidants may be suitable for further use or applications in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Niobium-bearing arsenides and germanides from elemental mixtures not involving niobium: a new twist to an old problem in solid-state synthesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sviatoslav Baranets ◽  
Hua He ◽  
Svilen Bobev
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Temperature Reactions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Synthetic Work

Three isostructural transition-metal arsenides and germanides, namely niobium nickel arsenide, Nb0.92(1)NiAs, niobium cobalt arsenide, NbCoAs, and niobium nickel germanide, NbNiGe, were obtained as inadvertent side products of high-temperature reactions in sealed niobium containers. In addition to reporting for the very first time the structures of the title compounds, refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, this article also serves as a reminder that niobium containers may not be suitable for the synthesis of ternary arsenides and germanides by traditional high-temperature reactions. Synthetic work involving alkali or alkaline-earth metals, transition or early post-transition metals, and elements from groups 14 or 15 under such conditions may yield Nb-containing products, which at times could be the major products of such reactions.

HIGH TEMPERATURE ULTRA HIGH VOLTAGE SIC THYRISTORS

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (HITEC) ◽  
pp. 000167-000173
Author(s):  
R. Singh ◽  
S. Creamer ◽  
E. Lieser ◽  
S. Jeliazkov ◽  
S. Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Carrier Lifetimes ◽  
Edge Termination ◽  
Minority Carrier Lifetimes ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Switching Characteristics ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
First Time

Through a systematic study, Silicon Carbide Gate Turn Off (GTO) Thyristors with record performance are demonstrated. Several Anode-Gate interdigitation schemes (raster, hex and involute) were explored to investigate their effect on the static as well as switching characteristics. An optimized edge-termination was employed that resulted in the achievement of near-theoretical forward blocking voltages (>8.1kV), and high yields (>60% on 8mm×8mm) on GTO Thyristors with 60μm/5×1014 cm−3 voltage-blocking epitaxial layers. A low differential specific on-resistance of 2.55 mΩ-cm2, and low on-state voltage drop were measured at 500 A/cm2. High Temperature forward I-V and reverse I-V characteristics show extremely stable performance with temperature, in contrast to state-of-the-art Si GTO Thyristors. Turn-on transient characteristics show a stable delay time of about 400 nano-seconds, and a rise-time that decreases with increasing temperature. Detailed high temperature turn-off measurements conducted using Anode-Switched mode was used to extract the value of minority carrier lifetimes as a function of temperature for the first time.

Smoke emission and temperature characteristics of the long-term overloaded wire in space

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Xue ◽  
Wenjun Kong
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Orbital Flight ◽  
Excess Current ◽  
Oxidative Pyrolysis ◽  
Microgravity Experiments ◽  
Insulation Thickness ◽  
First Time

We developed an experimental payload to study the overloaded characteristics of wire insulations on board the China’s SJ-10 satellite. In 2-week microgravity experiments provided by the orbital flight, the smoke emissions of overloaded wire insulations were observed in space for the first time. Two smoke emission modes, namely the end smoke jet and the bubbling smoke jet, were identified with polyethylene insulations. The results showed that the geometry of the pyrolysis front dominated the direction and the range of the end smoke jet. The non-oxidative pyrolysis that occurred between the wire core and the insulation produced the high-temperature smoke and caused the bubbling smoke jet. The bubbling jet has a significant impact on the temperatures of adjacent wires, revealing an additional fire risk in microgravity. The effects of insulation thickness and excess current on the temperature rise were also discussed.

scholarly journals One-step ultra-rapid fabrication and thermoelectric properties of Cu2Se bulk thermoelectric material

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 10508-10519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiezheng Hu ◽  
Yonggao Yan ◽  
Si Wang ◽  
Xianli Su ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermoelectric Properties ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Temperature Synthesis ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Thermoelectric Energy ◽  
Rapid Fabrication ◽  
One Step ◽  
First Time

Cu2Se is a promising material for thermoelectric energy conversion. Fully dense single-phase bulk Cu2Se was prepared by the combination of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis with in situ quick pressing for the first time.

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