scholarly journals III. Contributions towards the history of the ethylene bases

1872 ◽  
Vol 20 (130-138) ◽  
pp. 425-430
Keyword(s):  
Mother Liquor ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Single Operation ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
History Of ◽  
Additional Portion ◽  
Chlorhydric Acid ◽  
By Products

The manufacture of chloral, which, since the discovery of the remarkable physiological properties of this compound, is conducted on a daily increasing scale, gives rise to a variety of secondary products which have not failed to attract the attention of chemists. Some time ago I showed that the most volatile fraction of these by-products consists almost entirely of chloride of ethyl, constituting a very valuable material for the preparation of an abundant quantity of the ethylated ammonias. The fraction boiling between 70° and 100° is chiefly bichloride of ethylene, which, when submitted to the action of alcoholic ammonia at 100°, furnishes a supply of ethylene bases such as would be difficult to obtain from other sources. Dr. Schering, one of the principal manufacturers of chloral in Berlin, has lately placed at my disposal between 30 and 40 kilograms of these latter by-products, which the kindness of my friends Drs. Martius and Mendelssohn, by placing at my disposal one of their magnificent enamelled autoclaves, has permitted me to treat in one single operation with alcoholic ammonia. The product of this operation was a large proportion of sal-ammoniac deposited in crystals, and a dark alcoholic mother-liquor which, after the alcohol had been distilled off, yielded on evaporation a brown crystalline residue, consisting of salts of ethylene bases. Large quantities of ethylenediamine chlorhydrate in a state of absolute purity were separated from this mixture by systematic crystallization. An additional portion was procured by distilling the mother-liquor, after it had ceased to crystallize, with an alkali, collecting apart the products, as long as they yielded with chlorhydric acid the easily crystallizable ethylenediamine salt. In this manner more than a kilogram of the perfectly pure chlorhydrate was obtained, not to speak of quantities of the more complex bases, which I have not yet endeavoured to separate.

A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-JüRgen Lechtreck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Glass Marble ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Wax Models

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.

scholarly journals “Gold” Pressed Essential Oil: An Essay on the Volatile Fragment from Citrus Juice Industry By-Products Chemistry and Bioactivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Kapsaski-Kanelli ◽  
E. Evergetis ◽  
A. Michaelakis ◽  
D. P. Papachristos ◽  
E. D. Myrtsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Asian Tiger Mosquito ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Water Distillation ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Refinement Process ◽  
Cold Pressed ◽  
By Products

Present essay explores the potentials of Citrus juice industry’s by-products as alternative bioactive natural products resources. Four crude Cold Pressed Essential Oils (CPEOs), derived from orange, lemon, grapefruit, and mandarin, were studied. All CPEOs were subjected to water distillation, in order to obtain the volatile fragment, which was further fractionated with respect to distillation period in two parts, concluding to eight samples. These samples along with the four original CPEOs were assessed in relation to their phytochemical content and their repellent and larvicidal properties against Asian Tiger Mosquito. The volatiles recovery rates ranged from 74% to 88% of the CPEO. Limonene presented a significant increase in all samples ranging from 8% to 52% of the respective CPEO’s content and peaked in mandarin’s 2nd volatile fragment which comprised 97% of the essential oil. The refinement process presented clear impacts on both bioassays: a significant increase in larvicidal potency was observed, annotated best by the improvement by 1100% and 1300% of the grapefruit volatile fractions; repellence testing provided only one significant result, the decrease of landings by 50% as a response to mandarin’s second volatile fraction. The applied methodology thus may be considered for the improvement of Citrus juice industry’s by-products chemistry and bioactivity.

scholarly journals The early history of the earth

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
C. P. Snyman
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products

In view of the principle of actualism the early history of the earth must be explained on the basis of present-day natural phenomena and the basic Laws of Nature. The study of the solar system leads to the conclusion that the planets were formed as by-products when the sun developed from a rotating cloud of cosmic gas and dust. The protoplanets or planetesimals could have accreted as a result of mutual collisions, during which they could have become partly molten so that they could differentiate into a crust, a mantle and a core on the basis of differences in density.

scholarly journals Recycling of the Steelmaking by-products into the Oxygen Converter Charge

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Dana Baricová ◽  
Alena Pribulová ◽  
Branislav Buľko ◽  
Peter Demeter
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Converter ◽  
Converter Slag ◽  
Steelmaking Slag ◽  
Hot Metal ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Flue Dust ◽  
Slag Regime ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
By Products

Abstract In the technological process of the steelmaking plant, secondary products are produced in parallel with the production of the main product, which have the character of secondary by products or industrial waste. The major secondary products of steelmaking production include waste gases, process fluids, flue dust, sludge, slags and mill scales. The paper presents the results of research project directed to the utilization of demetallized steelmaking slag and oxygen converter flue dust in charge of top blowed oxygen converter. The influence of demetallized slag additions on slag regime in converter and chemical composition of final slag is described and discussed. Recommendations concerning amount of demetallized slag additions are also presented. Flue dust was recycled in form of briquettes. No significant effect of the recycling demetallized converter slag and flue dust briquette on process of hot metal refining and on quality of produced steel were recorded. Regarding the achieved results it can be confirmed that the use of the secondary products like demetallized slag and convertor flue dust in form briquettes, is environmentally acceptable as well as the use of natural materials and poses no increased risk to human health or the environment.

scholarly journals Traces of Honeybees, Api-Tourism and Beekeeping: From Past to Present

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11659
Author(s):  
Erkan Topal ◽  
Leonora Adamchuk ◽  
Ilaria Negri ◽  
Mustafa Kösoğlu ◽  
Giulia Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
New Products ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
By Products ◽  
Natural Life

Throughout history, honey has been used for many different purposes and due to its medicinal properties, has been one of the products marketed by traders. The figure of the bee first appeared in drawings on rock with the history of humanity, then on statues, as a logo, on money or stamps, and also in movies. Beekeeping museums, which present the historical process of beekeeping, also reflect an important culture with their ancient hives, documents, beekeeping materials, and historical antiquities. The contribution of bees to the sustainability of natural life is very important and has a history of 100 million years. The importance of bees and their by-products is increasing day by day, and the demand for the beekeeping industry as alternative income determines the emergence of new products and activities. Based on its health properties, apitherapy is the basis of activities such as api-air and api-diet. In natural regions (i.e., mountainous areas, forests) where beekeeping is carried out, people’s tradition, food culture, and healthy lifestyle attract society’s attention. In this context, api-tourist activity appears as a new phenomenon. In this article, the existing literature was scanned to create a resource about these new fields triggered by the beekeeping sector.

The footprints of neuroscience in Alexandria during the 3rd-century BC: Herophilus and Erasistratus

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
Maria Ioanna Stefanou
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Dissection ◽  
Human Intellect ◽  
The Brain

In the first half of the 3rd-century BC in Alexandria, the Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon (ca. 330 to ca. 260 BC) and Erasistratus of Chios (ca. 315 to ca. 240 BC) became the first scientists in antiquity to comprehensively study the anatomical underpinnings and the physiological properties of mind processes. Their scientific theories were based on experimental evidence arising from anatomical human dissection studies. Among their neuroscientific achievements were the discovery of the cranial nerves, the meninges, the dural sinuses and the ventricles; the delineation of the motor and sensory nerves; the appraisal of the brain as the seat of consciousness and human intellect; and the attribution of neurological disease to dysfunction of the nervous system. This paper will discuss the short-lived historical circumstances that enabled the ground-breaking progress in the domain of brain sciences during the Hellenistic period. In addition, this paper will examine the intriguing social, political and cultural interplays that determined the resonance of Herophilus and Erasistratus’s work and influenced the course of history of neuroscience.

Slavophilism in the Populist Perspective: Slavophilism Interpretation in the Publicism of N.K. Mikhailovsky in 1840–1880

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Teslya
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
General Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Soviet Historiography ◽  
By Products

The history of intellectual/ideological directions presents sufficient interest for comprehension and interpretation on the part of other, competing and synchronous tendencies. The goal of the present article is to analyze Slavophilism interpretations and its place in the general process of Russian ideological and political directions development, proposed by the leading publicist of Russian populist camp in the years of 1870 – 1900. The intensity of Slavophil problems for the Populism (“Narodnichestvo”) was related to the evident and even stressed by some of the outside observers, connections of the key topics of populists and Slavophils, as well as obvious unpleasant by-products of accepting such intellectual continuity. The article shows how Mikhailovsky tried to minimize historiographically the connections and influence of Slavophils on the Populists, emphasizing at the same time the radical contradiction in understanding the notion of “people”, that was the key issue for both Slavophils and Populists. The interpretation of Slavophilism suggested by Mikhailovsky, especially its political and class significance, directly and indirectly influenced the subsequent historiography of Slavophilism. This aspect should be further studied, first of all in relation to the early Soviet historiography of Russian public thought.

Conveying Ćeif: Three Croatian Folklore and Folklife Writings on Bosniak Coffee Culture

Folklorica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Dorian Jurić
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time ◽  
By Products

This article presents three short passages describing coffee and coffeehouse culture among Bosnian and Herzegovinian Muslims in the late nineteenth century. These texts are drawn from manuscripts collected by lay, Croatian folklore and folklife collectors who submitted them to two early collecting projects in Zagreb. The pieces are translated here for the first time into English and placed into historical and cultural context regarding the history of coffee culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the wider Ottoman Empire as well as the politics of folklore collection at the time. By using the Pan-Ottoman concept of ćeif as a theoretical lens, I argue that these early folklorists produced impressive folklife accounts of Bosniak foodways, but that these depictions inevitably enfolded both genuine interest and negative by-products of the wider politics of their era.

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