scholarly journals A new apparatus for determining the relationship between wave-lengths of light and the fundamental standards of length

1933 ◽  
Vol 231 (694-706) ◽  
pp. 75-145 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Specific Proposal ◽  
Unit Of Length ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fundamental Units ◽  
Red Radiation

The idea of establishing the fundamental units of length on a basis defined by some natural standard has long attracted physicists. The metre was originally intended to represent one ten-millionth of a meridional quadrant of the earth,* and the Weights and Measures Act of 1824 prescribed that the yard, if ever lost or destroyed, should be replaced by reference to the length of a pendulum beating seconds in vacuum at sea level in London. It is believed that BABINET, in 1829, suggested the use of a wave-length of light to define the fundamental unit of length. The first specific proposal to correlate the wave-length of light with material standards of length was made about 1875 by GOULD, who suggested the use of a diffraction grating for the determination. It was not until 1893 that the first direct measurement of the metre in terms of the red radiation of cadmium was made by MICHELSON and BENOÎT. § The comparison was made possible by a slightly modified form of the famous interferometer which MICHELSON had devised originally for the attempt to measure the relative velocity of the earth through the ether. In 1906, BENOÎT, FABRY and Perot repeated the determination of the length of the metre in terms of the red radiation of cadmium, using different methods and apparatus. More recently, in 1928, WATANABE and IMAIZUMI have again repeated the determination with apparatus essentially the same as that used by BENOÎT, FABRY and PEROT.

scholarly journals Determinations of the fundamental standards of length in terms of wave-lengths of light

1934 ◽  
Vol 233 (721-730) ◽  
pp. 143-216 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Independent Determination ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Red Radiation ◽  
Good Agreement

A new apparatus for determining the relationship between wave-lengths of light and the fundamental standards of length has been previously described.* Definitive determinations have now been completed of the lengths of the yard and metre in terms of the wave-length of the cadmium red radiation, both in air and in vacuum, and the present paper gives the results of these determinations. Previous determinations have been made by MICHELSON and BENOÎT, by BENOÎT, FABRY, and PEROT,} and by WATANABE and IMAIZUMI, of the length of the metre in terms of the cadmium red radiation in air, and these results, after adjustment as nearly as possible from the experimental data available to uniform conditions, agree with each other and with that obtained in the present work, within a total range of four parts in ten millions, a range which is not greater than may reasonably be attributed to the experimental errors of determination of the lengths of the different copies of the metre against which the several comparisons have been made. No previous direct measurement has been made of the length of either the yard or the metre in terms of wave-lengths in vacuum. The paper records the first independent determination of these important relationships, and incidentally affords a new direct determination of the refractive index of dry air, free of carbon dioxide, which is in good agreement with that given by PÉRARD, but differs appreciably from that given by MEGGERS and PETERS.

scholarly journals 14. Commission des Étalons de Longueur D’Onde et des Tables de Spectres Solaires

1939 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 79-102
Author(s):  
M. W. F. Meggers ◽  
MM. Babcock ◽  
Buisson ◽  
Burns ◽  
Ch. Fabry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
International Committee ◽  
International Astronomical Union ◽  
International Union ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
International Astronomical ◽  
Solar Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Red Radiation

The red radiation, 6438.4696 A., emitted by a cadmium lamp of Michelson type was first chosen in 1907 by the International Union for Co-operation in Solar Research (Trans. I.U.S.R. 2, 109, 1907) as a definition of the unit of wave-length. This primary standard was subsequently adopted by the International Astronomical Union (Trans. I.A.U. 1, 35, 1922) and by the International Committee on Weights and Measures (Procès-Verbaux Comité Int. Poids et Mesures (2), 12,67,1927). Specifications for the production of this primary standard were adopted provisionally by the I.A.U. in 1925 (Trans. I.A.U. 2, 47, 232, 1925), and by the I.C.W.M. in 1927 (Procès-Verbaux Comité Int. Poids et Mesures (2), 12, 67, 1927). Three reports of this Commission (Trans. I.A.U. 3, 77, 236, 1928; ibid. 4, 58, 233,1932; ibid. 5, 81, 299, 1935) have discussed the divergences in these specifications and pointed out the unsatisfactory features of each. This discussion culminated in a revised specification (Trans. I.A.U. 5, 303, 1935) which was adopted unanimously by the I.C.W.M. in 1935 (Procès-Verbaux Comité Int. (2), 17, 91,1935).

THE EQUATION OF MOTION OF A GEOPHONE ON THE SURFACE OF AN ELASTIC EARTH

Geophysics ◽  
1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Elastic Solid ◽  
Damping Force ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Elastic Earth ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Restoring Forces ◽  
System Equations

The motion of a geophone case placed on the surface of an elastic earth does not follow faithfully the motion of the earth at high frequencies. In effect, a weight placed on the surface of an elastic solid constitutes a damped oscillating system. The elastic restoring forces are determined by the area of contact between the weight and the surface of the solid and by the elastic moduli of the solid. The damping force is due to emission of elastic waves by the oscillating weight. The motion of the solid also contributes to the inertia of the system. Equations are developed for these forces on the assumption that the wave length is long compared to the linear dimensions of the area of contact between the weight and the elastic solid. This leads to a determination of the frequency of oscillation and of the decrement of such a system.

scholarly journals Technologization of human of the postmodern age as a challenge to the natural reality of the earth

ScienceRise ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Svitlana Pylypenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Human Social Life ◽  
Technological Product

Object of research: technology as a component of human social life in the context of the postmodern era. Investigated problem: determination of the features of the influence of technological processes on a person of the postmodern era, as a result of which the natural is replaced by an artificial one and the images of both man and the Earth change. Main scientific results: the study of the contradictions of the process of technologization in the postmodern era made it possible to determine the transformation processes taking place in the life of a person and society. This defines social reality, represented by various markers, among which technology is gaining in importance. The latter act as a composite, which provides new opportunities for determining the relationship between the elements of the "world - man - culture" system. It is not only about the emergence of new human figures, among which the technological man (Homo Technologicus) occupies a prominent place, but also the emergence of a new image of the Earth, where the natural is replaced by the technological. The scope of practical use of the research results: the research results can be used in teaching normative courses "Philosophical Anthropology", "Ethics", "Sociology" for students and undergraduates, graduate students of humanitarian and natural faculties. Innovative technological product: the plurality of existing technologies (economic, medical, educational, humanitarian, etc.) destroys the new European concept of culture and man, which were provided within the framework of the monoparadigm. The anthropological dimension of technology testifies that the latter are beginning to act as a condition for human expansion. This situation has a significant impact on the existentials of human existence. The scope of using the innovative technological product: the intensive technologization of the last decades not only provokes environmental risks and changes the state of the Earth, the natural reality of the Earth is replaced by an artificial one, which allows to conclude that the Earth is formed by a technological one.

Systems of Measurement

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Oriakhi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Science ◽  
Standard Unit ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
International Bureau ◽  
Base Unit ◽  
Si Units ◽  
English System ◽  
Unit Of Length ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Fundamental Units

Chemistry is an experimental science that involves measurement of the magnitude of various properties of substances. Measurements generate numbers, and we need units attached to these numbers so we can tell what exactly is being measured. Some examples of quantities measured include amount, mass, pressure, size, temperature, time, volume, etc. There are several systems of units, for example, the English system and the metric system. The metric system is the most commonly used system of measurement in chemistry. In 1960, a modernized version of the metric system known as the Systeme Internationale (or SI system) was recommended for worldwide adoption. The SI, based on the metric system, consists of seven fundamental units and several units derived from them. These units serve all scientific measurements. The seven fundamental units are listed in table 2-1. The fundamental units do have some shortcomings. For example, in some cases the base unit is inconveniently large or small. To overcome this, the SI units can be modified through the use of prefixes. The prefixes define multiples or fractions of the base or fundamental units. Some examples are listed in table 2-2. Mass, length, and time are important quantities commonly measured in science, which are assigned fundamental units. The standard unit of mass in the SI is the kilogram (kg), which is defined as the mass of a certain block of platinum–iridium alloy, also known as the prototype kilogram, kept in a vault at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, in Sevres, France. Other mass units that are related to the kilogram include gram (g), milligram (mg), and microgram (μg). Here is how they are related: 1000 g = 1 kg 1000 mg = 1 g 1,000,000 μg = 1 g Note that the symbol for grams is g, not gm, gms, gr, or anything else. The SI unit of length is the meter (m), which is defined as the distance light travels in approximately 1/299,792,458 second.

scholarly journals I. The relationship of the activity of vesuvius to certain meteorological and astronomical phenomena

1886 ◽  
Vol 40 (242-245) ◽  
pp. 248-249
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Liquid Condition ◽  
Vexed Question ◽  
Earth’S Interior ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The determination of the relations, if any such exist, between volcanic activity and certain astronomical or meteorological phenomena, cannot fail to throw much light upon the vexed question of the solid or liquid condition of the earth’s interior. M. Perrey, as the result of his careful catalogue of earthquake phenomena, believed himself to have proved that these could be shown to have certain maxima and minima, which correspond with positions of the moon in relation to the earth and sun; there are many considerations which point to the conclusion that great and sudden changes in barometric pressure may be followed by outbursts of volcanic violence; and, finally, if the eruptions of volcanoes, as many geologists believe, are due to water percolating from the surface to a heated magma, rainfall must have no inconsiderable influence in determining the periods of their occurrence.

Thromboplastin Related Differences in the Determination of International Normalised Ratio: A Cause for Concern?

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (03) ◽  
pp. 426-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kitchen ◽  
I D Walker ◽  
T A L Woods ◽  
F E Preston
Keyword(s):  
Patient Management ◽  
External Quality Assessment ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Warfarin Dosage ◽  
External Quality ◽  
External Quality Assessment Scheme ◽  
International Normalised Ratio ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryWhen the International Normalised Ratio (INR) is used for control of oral anticoagulant therapy the same result should be obtained irrespective of the laboratory reagent used. However, in the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) for Blood Coagulation INRs determined using different reagents have been significantly different.For 18 NEQAS samples Manchester Reagent (MR) was associated with significantly lower INRs than those obtained using Diagen Activated (DA, p = 0.0004) or Instrumentation Laboratory PT-Fib HS (IL, p = 0.0001). Mean INRs for this group were 3.15, 3.61, and 3.65 for MR, DA, and IL respectively. For 61 fresh samples from warfarin-ised patients with INRs of greater than 3.0 the relationship between thromboplastins in respect of INR was similar to that observed for NEQAS data. Thus INRs obtained with MR were significantly lower than with DA or IL (p <0.0001). Mean INRs for this group were 4.01, 4.40, and 4.59 for MR, DA, and IL respectively.We conclude that the differences between INRs measured with the thromboplastins studied here are sufficiently great to influence patient management through warfarin dosage schedules, particularly in the upper therapeutic range of INR. There is clearly a need to address the issues responsible for the observed discrepancies.

Modern determinants of endometrium hyperplastic processes pathogenesis

2016 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
V.O. Benyuk ◽  
◽  
V.M. Goncharenko ◽  
T.R. Nykoniuk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Therapy ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Receptor Phenotype ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Endometrial Proliferation

The objective: to еxplore the relationship between the activity of endometrial proliferation and the state of the local immune response in the uterus in the conditions berprestasi process. Patients and methods. Examined 228 women of reproductive and perimenopausal age with endometrial pathology using ultrasound and then performing hysteroresectoscopy. Determination of the concentrations of the cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF was performed by solid phase ELISA. Results. Found a trend that confirms the loss of sensitivity to hormones at the stage of malignancy of the endometrium and can be used as diagnostic determinants in determining the nature of intrauterine pathology and criterion of the effectiveness of conservative therapy. Conclusion. Improving etiopatogenetice approach to the therapy of hyperplastic proce.sses of endometrium with determination of receptor phenotype of the endometrium is a research direction in modern gynecology, which will help to improve the results of treatment and prevention of intrauterine pathology. Key words: endometrial hyperplasia,the receptors for progesterone and estrogen, immunohistochemical method.

Calculating the aerodynamics of vertical axis wind turbines

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Thi Bich Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Velocity Triangle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Vertical axis wind turbine technology has been applied last years, very long after horizontal axis wind turbine technology. Aerodynamic problems of vertical axis wind machines are discussible. An important problem is the determination of the incidence law in the interaction between wind and rotor blades. The focus of the work is to establish equations of the incidence depending on the blade azimuth, and to solve them. From these results, aerodynamic torques and power can be calculated. The incidence angle is a parameter of velocity triangle, and both the factors depend not only on the blade azimuth but also on the ratio of rotational speed and horizontal speed. The built computational program allows theoretically selecting the relationship of geometric parameters of wind turbine in accordance with requirements on power, wind speed and installation conditions.

Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition Part I: Introduction and Details on the Organization of the Program

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Veith
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Systematic Determination ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This four-part series of papers addresses the problem of systematic determination of the influence of several tire factors on tire treadwear. Both the main effect of each factor and some of their interactive effects are included. The program was also structured to evaluate the influence of some external-to-tire conditions on the relationship of tire factors to treadwear. Part I describes the experimental design used to evaluate the effects on treadwear of generic tire type, aspect ratio, tread pattern (groove or void level), type of pattern (straight rib or block), and tread compound. Construction procedures and precautions used to obtain a valid and functional test method are included. Two guiding principles to be used in the data analyses of Parts II and III are discussed. These are the fractional groove and void concept, to characterize tread pattern geometry, and a demonstration of the equivalence of wear rate for identical compounds on whole tread or multi-section tread tires.

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