Tsunami science before and beyond Boxing Day 2004

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1845) ◽  
pp. 2231-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costas E Synolakis ◽  
Eddie N Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Global Citizenship ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Inundation Modelling ◽  
Model Initialization ◽  
2004 Tsunami

Tsunami science has evolved differently from research on other extreme natural hazards, primarily because of the unavailability until recently of instrumental recordings of tsunamis in the open ocean. Here, the progress towards developing tsunami inundation modelling tools for use in inundation forecasting is discussed historically from the perspective of hydrodynamics. The state-of-knowledge before the 26 December 2004 tsunami is described. Remaining aspects for future research are identified. One, validated inundation models need to be further developed through benchmark testing and instrumental tsunameter measurements and standards for operational codes need to be established. Two, a methodology is needed to better quantify short-duration impact forces on structures. Three, the mapping of vulnerable continental margins to identify unrecognized hazards must proceed expeditiously, along with palaeotsunami research to establish repeat intervals. Four, the development of better coupling between deforming seafloor motions and model initialization needs further refinement. Five, in an era of global citizenship, more comprehensive educational efforts on tsunami hazard mitigation are necessary worldwide.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis: High Performance Computing for Massive Scale Inundation Simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Gibbons ◽  
Stefano Lorito ◽  
Jorge Macías ◽  
Finn Løvholt ◽  
Jacopo Selva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Computing ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Inundation Modelling ◽  
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis ◽  
Performance Computing

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA) quantifies the probability of exceeding a specified inundation intensity at a given location within a given time interval. PTHA provides scientific guidance for tsunami risk analysis and risk management, including coastal planning and early warning. Explicit computation of site-specific PTHA, with an adequate discretization of source scenarios combined with high-resolution numerical inundation modelling, has been out of reach with existing models and computing capabilities, with tens to hundreds of thousands of moderately intensive numerical simulations being required for exhaustive uncertainty quantification. In recent years, more efficient GPU-based High-Performance Computing (HPC) facilities, together with efficient GPU-optimized shallow water type models for simulating tsunami inundation, have now made local long-term hazard assessment feasible. A workflow has been developed with three main stages: 1) Site-specific source selection and discretization, 2) Efficient numerical inundation simulation for each scenario using the GPU-based Tsunami-HySEA numerical tsunami propagation and inundation model using a system of nested topo-bathymetric grids, and 3) Hazard aggregation. We apply this site-specific PTHA workflow here to Catania, Sicily, for tsunamigenic earthquake sources in the Mediterranean. We illustrate the workflows of the PTHA as implemented for High-Performance Computing applications, including preliminary simulations carried out on intermediate scale GPU clusters. We show how the local hazard analysis conducted here produces a more fine-grained assessment than is possible with a regional assessment. However, the new local PTHA indicates somewhat lower probabilities of exceedance for higher maximum inundation heights than the available regional PTHA. The local hazard analysis takes into account small-scale tsunami inundation features and non-linearity which the regional-scale assessment does not incorporate. However, the deterministic inundation simulations neglect some uncertainties stemming from the simplified source treatment and tsunami modelling that are embedded in the regional stochastic approach to inundation height estimation. Further research is needed to quantify the uncertainty associated with numerical inundation modelling and to properly propagate it onto the hazard results, to fully exploit the potential of site-specific hazard assessment based on massive simulations.

GIS Based Tsunami Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3438-3448
Author(s):  
T.D.C. Pushpakumara ◽  
◽  
Shohan Gamlath ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Risk Map ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Age Ratio ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Inundation Map ◽  
Tsunami Model ◽  
2004 Tsunami

Tsunami is a coastal hazard which occur due to undersea earthquakes, Meteorite falls, volcanic eruptions or even nuclear weapon operations. The tsunami hazard which occurred in December 2004 was generated due to an undersea earthquake 400m west of northern Sumatra and it inundated coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India. This hazard became one of the worst disasters in the history resulting in over thirty thousand fatalities and over seventy thousand house damage in Sri Lanka. This study is focused towards creation of GIS based Tsunami risk map for Galle city which was badly hit by the 2004 Tsunami. Tsunami vulnerability was assessed using weighted overlay spatial method with input parameters of population density, sex ratio, age ratio, disability ratio and damaged building ratio. Tsunami hazard map was developed based on tsunami inundation map which was published by Coastal research and design, costal conservation and resource management department with assistant from Disaster management centre using the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami Model (COMCOT). Vulnerable and hazard maps were analysed and incorporated to develop final risk map using GIS tool. Keywords GIS; Tsunami Inundation Map; Tsunami Risk Map; Vulnerability; Disaster

scholarly journals The use of questionnaires for acquiring information on public perception of natural hazards and risk mitigation – a review of current knowledge and practice

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1307-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Knowledge And Practice

Abstract. Questionnaires are popular and fundamental tools for acquiring information on public knowledge and perception of natural hazards. Questionnaires can provide valuable information to emergency management agencies for developing risk management procedures. Although many natural hazards researchers describe results generated from questionnaires, few explain the techniques used for their development and implementation. Methodological detail should include, as a minimum, response format (open/closed questions), mode of delivery, sampling technique, response rate and access to the questionnaire to allow reproduction of or comparison with similar studies. This article reviews current knowledge and practice for developing and implementing questionnaires. Key features include questionnaire design, delivery mode, sampling techniques and data analysis. In order to illustrate these aspects, a case study examines methods chosen for the development and implementation of questionnaires used to obtain information on knowledge and perception of volcanic hazards in a tourist region in southern Iceland. Face-to-face interviews highlighted certain issues with respect to question structure and sequence. Recommendations are made to overcome these problems before the questionnaires are applied in future research projects. In conclusion, basic steps that should be disclosed in the literature are provided as a checklist to ensure that reliable, replicable and valid results are produced from questionnaire based hazard knowledge and risk perception research.

Moral cosmopolitanism, civic action and ethical consumption: Social differences in young Australians’ global citizenship

2021 ◽  
pp. 144078332110538
Author(s):  
Quentin Maire
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Global Citizenship ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Ethical Consumption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Theory Of Practice ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Citizenship Identity

The relationship between global citizenship identity and actions remains an unsettled issue. In this article we use the PISA 2018 survey to explore whether global citizenship identity is associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in ‘globally minded’ practices among young Australians. Descriptive analysis reveals that self-reported global citizenship identity is associated with higher levels of moral cosmopolitanism, more so than with greater intercultural values or with more positive attitudes to immigrants. However, this self-declared identity does not necessarily translate into cosmopolitan action. Statistical modelling shows that, in the Australian context, global citizenship knowledge, values and identity account for a limited proportion of differences in self-reported cosmopolitan action. We argue that a sociological theory of practice helps explain these results. We conclude by highlighting future research opportunities to better understand the social determinants of global citizenship practices, including by exploring out-of-school socialisation and a broader range of cosmopolitan practices.

Point mass impulse-momentum model of the equine rotational fall

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
M.H. Foreman ◽  
J.R. Engsberg ◽  
J.H. Foreman
Keyword(s):  
Point Mass ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Collision Time ◽  
Mass Model ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Reference Curves ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Input Variables

Rotational falls are a serious cause of injury and death to horse and rider, particularly in the cross-country phase of eventing. The forces involved when horses galloping cross-country strike an immovable fence are unknown. The objective of this study was to mathematically model those forces using existing kinematic data measured from jumping horses. Data were obtained from published research using motion capture to measure mechanics about the center of gravity of the jumping horse at take-off. A convenience method from video evidence of rotational falls was used to estimate time of collision (Δt). A point mass model using equations of impulse-momentum and incorporating key variables was systematically implemented in Matlab (r2016a). The mean collision time (Δt=0.79s) produced horizontal, vertical, and resultant impact forces of 8,580, 8,245, and 12,158 N, respectively. Reference curves of impact forces were created for ranges of relevant input variables including collision time. Proportional relationships showed that shorter impact duration led to higher magnitude of force transfer between horse and obstacle. This study presents a preliminary range of collision forces based on a simplified model and numerous assumptions related to input variables. Future research should work to build upon these estimates through more complex modelling and data collection to enhance applicability for the design of cross-country safety devices.

Tsunami inundation modelling using RiCOM

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Lane ◽  
P A Gillibrand ◽  
J R Arnold ◽  
R A Walters
Keyword(s):  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Inundation Modelling

scholarly journals How children living in poor informal settlements in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana, perceive global citizenship

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Jane Leithead ◽  
Steve Humble
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Global Citizenship ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Global Citizen ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Greater Accra Region

This investigation looks at the antecedents and outcomes of 141 children living in poor informal settlements in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana identifying with global citizenship. It finds that the model of global citizenship devised by Reysen and Katzarska-Miller (2013) is a moderately good fit for this group of children. Structural equation modelling demonstrates that antecedents of global awareness as well as friends and family supporting global citizenship (normative environment) predict the child’s self-identification as a global citizen. This in turn predicts six prosocial traits: intergroup empathy, valuing diversity, social justice, environmental sustainability, intergroup helping and responsibility to act. The research suggests that there may be other elements to a global citizenship model that could be investigated in future research.

scholarly journals Case study: mapping the tsunami-hazard zone in the Pasir Jambak sub-district, in Padang, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Leli Honesti ◽  
Meli Muchlian
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Grid Point ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Nested Grid ◽  
Inundation Map ◽  
Run Up

A tsunami hazard is an adverse event that causes damage to properties and loss of life. The problem in assessing a tsunami risk zone for a small area is significant, as available tsunami inundation zone data does not give detailed information for tsunami inundation and run-up in every nested grid. Hence, this study aims to establish a tsunami risk map in the Pasir Jambak sub-district, Padang, Indonesia. The map was carried out in every nested grid point of the area and on a large scale (1:5,000). The TUNAMI N3 program was used for the simulation of the tsunami inundation. A tsunami assessment was made through simulations in nine scenarios of fault parameter data for Sipora block earthquakes. The result of the study provides a tsunami inundation map. Furthermore, this tsunami inundation map can be used for communities, local authorities, government, and others for many studies, and decision-makers can come up with mitigation plans for a small study area.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard and Risk Analysis: A Review of Research Gaps

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Behrens ◽  
Finn Løvholt ◽  
Fatemeh Jalayer ◽  
Stefano Lorito ◽  
Mario A. Salgado-Gálvez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Earthquake Sources ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis ◽  
Hazard And Risk Analysis

Tsunamis are unpredictable and infrequent but potentially large impact natural disasters. To prepare, mitigate and prevent losses from tsunamis, probabilistic hazard and risk analysis methods have been developed and have proved useful. However, large gaps and uncertainties still exist and many steps in the assessment methods lack information, theoretical foundation, or commonly accepted methods. Moreover, applied methods have very different levels of maturity, from already advanced probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis for earthquake sources, to less mature probabilistic risk analysis. In this review we give an overview of the current state of probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk analysis. Identifying research gaps, we offer suggestions for future research directions. An extensive literature list allows for branching into diverse aspects of this scientific approach.

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