Quantifying sources and sinks of trace gases using space-borne measurements: current and future science

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1885) ◽  
pp. 4509-4528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul I Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Trace Gases ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
New Generation

We have been observing the Earth's upper atmosphere from space for several decades, but only over the past decade has the necessary technology begun to match our desire to observe surface air pollutants and climate-relevant trace gases in the lower troposphere, where we live and breathe. A new generation of Earth-observing satellites, capable of probing the lower troposphere, are already orbiting hundreds of kilometres above the Earth's surface with several more ready for launch or in the planning stages. Consequently, this is one of the most exciting times for the Earth system scientists who study the countless current-day physical, chemical and biological interactions between the Earth's land, ocean and atmosphere. First, I briefly review the theory behind measuring the atmosphere from space, and how these data can be used to infer surface sources and sinks of trace gases. I then present some of the science highlights associated with these data and how they can be used to improve fundamental understanding of the Earth's climate system. I conclude the paper by discussing the future role of satellite measurements of tropospheric trace gases in mitigating surface air pollution and carbon trading.

“I Know I Can’t Change the Future, But I Can Change the Past”: Toni Morrison, Robin Coste Lewis, and the Classical Tradition

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-356
Author(s):  
Grace McGowan
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Classical Tradition ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Toni Morrison ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Black Female ◽  
Central Figure ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Generation

Abstract “A central figure in transnational intellectual history” (Roynon, 2013), Toni Morrison’s oeuvre has helped deconstruct the triangulated relationship between a European Graeco-Roman classical tradition, Africa, and America. Morrison’s deconstruction of the classical past and its aesthetics have laid the foundation for the reconstructive work of a new generation of writers, including Robin Coste Lewis. Both writers renegotiate and reclaim a classical aesthetic by recovering its African roots and situating it in an African American context. In addition, the article (1) examines the role of a classical aesthetic in beauty discourse and Robin Coste Lewis’s re-vision of the black female body and (2) addresses what this means for canonicity, linking Lewis’s ambivalence about reclaiming a classical aesthetic to Morrison’s ambivalence in “Unspeakable Things Unspoken” (1987).

Sir Nicholas John Shackleton. 23 June 1937 — 24 January 2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 435-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Nicholas McCave ◽  
Henry Elderfield
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
Present Understanding

Nick Shackleton was an international scientist of great renown who fundamentally changed our understanding of how Earth processes work. His research on ancient oceans and climates was both innovative and pioneering, and he clarified the precise role of carbon dioxide in warming and cooling the Earth's climate. His work contributed greatly to our present understanding of the mechanism and causes of global warming. When he began his research, the investigation of past climatic changes was an area of ‘academic’ interest only. Four decades later, his lifetime achievements define the emergence of our understanding of the operation of Earth's natural climate system. This understanding of the past is now central to efforts to predict the future climate we have begun to create. As well as his many scientific accomplishments, Nick Shackleton excelled in another area, that of music, which was almost as important to him as science, and he was a very accomplished clarinet player. In his work he was spirited and curiosity-driven. He let his students and an entire community share in his brilliance and vision.

Reverberations of the Armenian Genocide

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Azarian-Ceccato
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Armenian Genocide ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Central California ◽  
The Past ◽  
Diasporic Community ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Point Of Departure

Narrative research has not traditionally examined the intergenerational transmission and reverberation of narratives within ethnic communities, and yet it is through the chain of generations that voices of the past reverberate and testimonies endure which fuel and form present day notions of the past. This article is a call for and an example of the importance ethnographic investigation into communities of memories, for it is through community storytelling that records are set straight as a memorial for victims and survivors. This line of inquiry is pertinent to various communities throughout the world, as we come to see the role of language, and in particular, narrative in the formation of ideas and conflicts, as scholars such as Slyomovics, (1998) have pointed out. This research takes as its point of departure narrative renditions of the Armenian genocide recounted in both public and private venues by the great-grandchildren of genocide survivors in an ethnic enclave in Central California. In this diasporic community we see how communities of memory are formed in a space of mediation which links the new generation with the old, the present with its past as well as with its imagined communities (Anderson, 1983). Through examination of the linguistic reverberations of this historical and familial narrative, I ask what becomes of authorship when collected stories are salient enough to be included in one’s own personal history, and how these narrativizations contribute to one’s sense of self? These questions are answered both by linguistic analysis of pronouns and deixis, as well as through analysis of prevalent themes. The results of this research lend into the historical progression of memory through time by those who did not experience the trauma, but rather were witnesses by listening to the trauma of others.

scholarly journals The biophysical role of hemodynamics in the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. E11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sauson Soldozy ◽  
Pedro Norat ◽  
Mazin Elsarrag ◽  
Ajay Chatrath ◽  
John S. Costello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Aneurysm Rupture ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Hemodynamic Forces ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aneurysm Formation ◽  
Hemodynamic Variables ◽  
Vessel Remodeling ◽  
Vessel Morphology

The pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms remains complex and multifactorial. While vascular, genetic, and epidemiological factors play a role, nascent aneurysm formation is believed to be induced by hemodynamic forces. Hemodynamic stresses and vascular insults lead to additional aneurysm and vessel remodeling. Advanced imaging techniques allow us to better define the roles of aneurysm and vessel morphology and hemodynamic parameters, such as wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, and patterns of flow on aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture. While a complete understanding of the interplay between these hemodynamic variables remains elusive, the authors review the efforts that have been made over the past several decades in an attempt to elucidate the physical and biological interactions that govern aneurysm pathophysiology. Furthermore, the current clinical utility of hemodynamics in predicting aneurysm rupture is discussed.

Arthroscopy in rheumatology: where have we been? Where might we go?

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W Ike ◽  
William J Arnold ◽  
Kenneth C Kalunian
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Arthroscopic Debridement ◽  
Office Setting ◽  
Future Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
Biological Compounds ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Excellent Tool

Abstract The aim of our manuscript is to illustrate the past, present and future role of rheumatologists performing arthroscopy. Doctors first began adapting endoscopes to inspect joints to assess synovial conditions that concern rheumatologists. Rheumatologists were among the pioneers developing arthroscopy. Students of the father of modern arthroscopy, Watanabe, included rheumatologists, who taught others once home. Rheumatologists assessed the intra-articular features of their common diseases in the 60s and 70s. Improvements in instrumentation and efforts by a few orthopaedists adapted a number of common joint surgical procedures for arthroscopy. Interest from rheumatologists in arthroscopy grew in the 90s with ‘needle scopes’ used in an office setting. Rheumatologists conducting the first prospective questioning arthroscopic debridement in OA and developing biological compounds reduced the call for arthroscopic interventions. The arthroscope has proven an excellent tool for viewing and sampling synovium, which continues to at several international centres. Some OA features—such as calcinosis—beg further arthroscopic investigation. A new generation of ‘needle scopes’ with far superior optics awaits future investigators.

Quantifying and attributing changes in tropospheric ozone from a combination of satellite measurements and models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Neu ◽  
Kazuyuki Miyazaki ◽  
Kevin Bowman ◽  
Gregory Osterman
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Science Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Earth Science Data

<p>Given the importance of tropospheric ozone as a greenhouse gas and a hazardous pollutant that impacts human health and ecosystems, it is critical to quantify and understand long-term changes in its abundance.  Satellite records are beginning to approach the length needed to assess variability and trends in tropospheric ozone, yet an intercomparison of time series from different instruments shows substantial differences in the net change in ozone over the past decade.  We discuss our efforts to produce Earth Science Data Records of tropospheric ozone and quantify uncertainties and biases in these records.  We also discuss the role of changes in the magnitude and distribution of precursor emissions and in downward transport of ozone from the stratosphere in determining tropospheric ozone abundances over the past 15 years.</p>

Ion-Assisted Processing of Electronic Materials

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
Walter L. Brown ◽  
Abbas Ourmazd
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Process ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
Realistic Assessment ◽  
Active Research

The fabrication of a state-of-the-art silicon chip consists of a carefully composed sequence of “steps.” The length, complexity, and place of each step within this process is analogous to that of a musical phrase within a long sonata. Just as a sonata consists of a series of recurring but evolving themes, a “process” utilizes a number of basic techniques that recur in a variety of contexts. A typical modern process consists of about 350 “steps.” Roughly a fifth of them belong to the class of ionassisted processing. These range from a variety of ion implantation modules, through sputter deposition and reactive ion etching of thin films, to photoresist etching and ashing. Ion-assisted processing thus has a role of major technological importance. With the range of new processes currently under active research, this trend seems likely to continue.The technological applications of ionassisted processing rest on the basic concepts developed in research over the past 30 years. This special issue of the MRS Bulletin reviews the fundamental concepts that underpin this processing today, and highlights areas of current research which may have future technological potential. The emphasis is placed heavily on silicon, both for illustrative purposes, and because Si processing is the major customer for ion-assisted technology. The articles pinpoint areas where materials research can play a critical role in establishing the fundamental understanding needed for a realistic assessment of technological potential.

scholarly journals Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Kilgore ◽  
Abdulbaset M. Salim ◽  
Marcus J. Zervos ◽  
Heinz-Josef Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
New Generation

SUMMARYPertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused byBordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution ofB. pertussisstrains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmitB. pertussisto younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding ofB. pertussispathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.

Tracing the Past: Marcelo Brodsky's Photography as Memory Art

Paragraph ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerea Arruti
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
New Generation

Andreas Huyssen has called the Argentinian photographer Marcelo Brodsky's latest project, Nexo (2001), memory art, that is, a form of public mnemonic art that oscillates from installation, photography and monument to memorial, breaking artistic boundaries. The article will explore the role of photography in the field of human rights and the interspace between private and public spheres. Brodsky's work aims to reinstate the gaps in the collective spheres of recollection and this will be contextualized in his artistic production from the late 1970s onwards. Nexo follows on from the internationally acclaimed project Buena memoria (1997) that was also an attempt to create a bridge for the memory for the new generation of Argentinians. This contribution aims to explore how Brodsky's artistic production represents what the Argentinian sociologist Elizabeth Jelín has described as art that wants to create a symbolic space to mediate traumatic experiences.

scholarly journals Diaspora Identity and a New Generation: Armenian Diaspora Youth on the Genocide and the Karabakh War

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 915-930
Author(s):  
Dmitry Chernobrov ◽  
Leila Wilmers
Keyword(s):  
Digital Communication ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Armenian Diaspora ◽  
Long Time ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractIn this article, we explore the role of the early 20th-century Armenian genocide and the unresolved Karabakh conflict of the 1990s in identity shaping among the new generation of Armenian diaspora—those who grew up after the establishment of the independent Armenian state in 1991. We draw on original interviews with diasporic youth in France, the United Kingdom, and Russia—diasporas that were largely built in the aftermath of the genocide and the Karabakh war. Diaspora youth relate to these events through transmitted collective memories, but also reconnect with the distant homeland’s past and present in new ways as they engage with new possibilities of transnational digital communication and mobility. Their experiences of identity shed light on how the new generation of diasporic Armenians defines itself in relation to the past; how this past is (re)made present in their interpretations of the Karabakh conflict and in everyday behaviors; and how diasporic youth experience the dilemmas of “moving on” from traumatic narratives that for a long time have been seen as foundational to their identity.

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