scholarly journals Sustainable risk management of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters

2009 ◽  
Vol 367 (1904) ◽  
pp. 3895-3922 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Martin ◽  
N. Voulvoulis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Decision Tools ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Municipal Wastewaters

The presence of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters, particularly endocrine-disrupting compounds such as oestrogenic substances, has been the focus of much public concern and scientific attention in recent years. Due to the scientific uncertainty still surrounding their effects, the Precautionary Principle could be invoked for the interim management of potential risks. Therefore, precautionary prevention risk-management measures could be employed to reduce human exposure to the compounds of concern. Steroid oestrogens are generally recognized as the most significant oestrogenically active substances in domestic sewage effluent. As a result, the UK Environment Agency has championed a ‘Demonstration Programme’ to investigate the potential for removal of steroid oestrogens and alkylphenol ethoxylates during sewage treatment. Ecological and human health risks are interdependent, and ecological injuries may result in increased human exposures to contaminants or other stressors. In this context of limiting exposure to potential contaminants, examining the relative contribution of various compounds and pathways should be taken into account when identifying effective risk-management measures. In addition, the explicit use of ecological objectives within the scope of the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive poses new challenges and necessitates the development of ecosystem-based decision tools. This paper addresses some of these issues and proposes a species sensitivity distribution approach to support the decision-making process related to the need and implications of sewage treatment work upgrade as risk-management measures to the presence of oestrogenic compounds in sewage effluent.

scholarly journals The Precautionary Principle: Its Use Within Hard and Soft Law

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
René von Schomberg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Management Measures

The precautionary principle in public decision making concerns situations where following an assessment of the available scientific information, there are reasonable grounds for concern for the possibility of adverse effects on the environment or human health, but scientific uncertainty persists. In such cases provisional risk management measures may be adopted, without having to wait until the reality and seriousness of those adverse effects become fully apparent. This is the definition of the precautionary principle as operationalized under EU law. The precautionary principle is a deliberative principle. Its application involves deliberation on a range of normative dimensions which need to be taken into account while making the principle operational in the public policy context. Under EU law, any risk management measures to be adopted while implementing the precautionary principle, have to be proportionate to ensure the chosen high level of protection in the European Community.This article will illustrate the established practice concerning the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment and how the principle is implemented under hard law. The article also provides an outlook on what this may imply for the relative new case of nanotechnology and the use of precautionary principle within the context of soft law (use of codes of conduct).

Presence of Phenolic Compounds in Sewage, Effluent and Sludge from Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
F B DeWalle ◽  
D A Kalman ◽  
R Dills ◽  
D Norman ◽  
E S K Chian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Digested Sludge ◽  
Calculated Concentration ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Anaerobically Digested Sludge ◽  
Final Effluent ◽  
Dimethyl Phenol

A total of 25 municipal sewage treatment plants were sampled, 10 of which were resampled, to determine the quantity of phenolics in the sewage, final effluent and the anaerobically digested sludge using capillary GC/MS/DS/techniques. The study noted in decreasing order of frequency in raw sewage: phenol, pentachloro-phenol, dimethyl phenol, 3-methyl, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichloro-phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dinitro-6-methylphenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The maximum concentration of phenol in sewage and sludge was 2800 ppb and 4460 respectively, while similar values for pentachlorophenol were 58 and 1200 ppb. Statistically calculated concentration reductions for phenol and dimethyl phenol were generally greater than noted for tri- and pentachlorophenol. Low decreases or increases were noted for monochlorophenol and especially for dichlorophenol as a result of the chloronation of the final effluent.

Planning for Reuse. Developing a Strategy for the Northern Territory, Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Harsh Climate ◽  
The Cost

A harsh climate, extended dry periods and relatively expensive water resources underly the potential for effluent reuse in the Northern Territory, Australia. The cost of supplying potable water and the potential offsetting effects of utilising sewage effluent are reviewed. The need to firmly establish the true cost to the community of different supply options is identified. Major cost benefits accrue where reuse will enable deferment of either significant potable source augmentation or sewage treatment works upgrading and where horticultural prospects are good at a reuse site close to the treatment works. An overall strategy plan for increasing the potential of reuse is described. This plan includes firm cost management procedures, marketing activities, appropriate land planning measures and a commitment to research and development.

scholarly journals Risk Management for Bonds with Embedded Options

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
Antonio Díaz ◽  
Marta Tolentino
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Interest Rate Risk ◽  
Interest Rate Models ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Interest Rate Risk Management ◽  
Embedded Options ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rate Change

This paper examines the behavior of the interest rate risk management measures for bonds with embedded options and studies factors it depends on. The contingent option exercise implies that both the pricing and the risk management of bonds requires modelling future interest rates. We use the Ho and Lee (HL) and Black, Derman, and Toy (BDT) consistent interest rate models. In addition, specific interest rate measures that consider the contingent cash-flow structure of these coupon-bearing bonds must be computed. In our empirical analysis, we obtained evidence that effective duration and effective convexity depend primarily on the level of the forward interest rate and volatility. In addition, the higher the interest rate change and the lower the volatility, the greater the differences in pricing of these bonds when using the HL or BDT models.

scholarly journals Risk management system in the enterprises of agrarian sphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
V. G. Zakrzewski ◽  
O. G. Charykova ◽  
Yu. Yu. Golubyatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Management System ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Risk Management System ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Definition Of

The article deals with risk management systems at enterprises of the agrarian sector, which represents an organization of economic activity, the purpose of which is to minimize losses and find sources of income. The research organization of the risk management system in the enterprises of agrarian sphere great attention should be paid to the integration of their specific activities. The process of risk management in enterprises consists of the following phases: definition of objectives and parameters for solving the problem of risk; identification of external and internal risk factors; identification of risk factors, risk identification; risk analysis; risk assessment; development and implementation of risk management measures; synthesis of the results of measures taken and preparing proposals. In addition, the risk management system is submitted to us through the introduction of a passport of risk, to enable the formulation and adjustment of economic activity at any stage of its implementation. Under the risk passport of the economic risk refers to a collection of information about risk, risk criteria, as well as guidance on the application of the necessary methods to manage or mitigate the risks. As well as the information in the article was considered in the context of a risk management system. 

scholarly journals Emerging contaminants : a tutorial mini-review

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Emerging Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Issue ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Contamination Source ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Reliable Methods

Nowadays, the scientific community has focused and prioritised research on “emerging pollutants”. The term “emerging pollutants” stands for the substances that are released in the environment for which currently no regulations are established for their environmental monitoring. Their occurrence is reported worldwide in a range of aquatic environments, such as lakes, rivers, freshwater catchments, estuaries, reservoirs and marine waters. Nevertheless, due to their large number (ranging in an order of thousands), only few of these compounds are toxicologically evaluated. Published data concerning occurrence and potential toxicological effects is limited. The contamination source of the aquatic environment is mainly the effluents from the sewage treatment plants (STPs). Reliable methods are available for residue analysis of these pollutants down to low ng L-1 levels. However, an urgent need is highlighted for the investigation (primarily in environmental media and following in biological ones) of the toxicity and transformation pathways of all emerging pollutants. The aims of this mini-review are to briefly present: (a) the major classes of emerging pollutants; (b) the reasons why these substances constitute an environmental issue; and (c) developments and applications of environmental analysis in this field.

scholarly journals Evaluating the use and intent of drinking water advisories in Atlantic Canada

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 908-924
Author(s):  
Kaycie Lane ◽  
Graham Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Drinking water advisories (DWAs) are used as a tool for identifying water safety concerns in many jurisdictions. Evidence from previous research demonstrates a lack of improvement in water system operations over time, with an increase in the total number of DWAs in place. DWAs are predominantly issued due to operational concerns within a water system, implying a lack of proactive management measures for preventable issues. Therefore, DWAs represent a chronic issue for many water systems, particularly those lacking resources to implement operational improvements. This study explores DWA characteristics in Atlantic Canada, including frequency and duration, focusing on municipal and private water systems. Seasonality was identified as a trend in DWA issuance in Nova Scotia, and reasons for DWA issuance are largely unchanged over time. Neither of these identified concerns has led to a change in DWA reporting or issuance procedures. Additionally, this study identifies a lack of a common reporting format, leading to the proposal of a template of minimum characteristics for future DWA reporting. Overall, this study highlights deficiencies in the DWA issuance process as a water safety measure and suggests alternative methods for risk management in water systems to alleviate the persistence and prevalence of DWAs in Canada.

scholarly journals Liquidity risk management: practice among Croatian firms

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
Goran Karanović ◽  
Bisera Karanović ◽  
Martina Gnjidić
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Liquidity Risk ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Liquidity Management ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Business Entities

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the practice of liquidity risk management of Croatian business entities. The analysis is based on a survey of 62 business entities in Croatia. The authors investigate the existence of risk management and liquidity risk management measures among the surveyed business entities. The respondents’ knowledge of management, their use of indicators and methods for the management of liquidity risk, in addition to the cited reasons for implementation of liquidity risk measures were also subject to examination. Furthermore, the authors investigate the importance of liquidity management in business. The analysis reveals that Croatian business entities have neither sufficient knowledge regarding the majority of financial indicators, nor they tend to use liquidity management plans. Consequently, the survey’s findings indicate that the overall level of financial knowledge of Croatian managers is inadequate. This can, thus, be identified as one of the reasons for the traditionally high number of illiquid business entities in the market. Finally, this paper provides academia and policymakers with new revelations concerning the management of liquidity risk among business entities in Croatia.

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