Underwater sensor networks: applications, advances and challenges

This paper examines the main approaches and challenges in the design and implementation of underwater wireless sensor networks. We summarize key applications and the main phenomena related to acoustic propagation, and discuss how they affect the design and operation of communication systems and networking protocols at various layers. We also provide an overview of communications hardware, testbeds and simulation tools available to the research community.

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Opportunities and Challenges for Error Control Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics9030504 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 504

Author(s):

Rajan Kadel ◽

Krishna Paudel ◽

Deepani B. Guruge ◽

Sharly J. Halder

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Error Correction ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Research Work ◽

Error Correcting Codes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Future Research ◽

Asymmetric Structure ◽

Design And Implementation

Error Correction Schemes (ECSs) significantly contribute to enhancing reliability and energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This review paper offers an overview of the different types of ECS used in communication systems and a synopsis of the standards for WSN. We also discuss channels and network models for WSN as they are crucial for efficient ECS design and implementation. The literature review conducted on the proposed energy consumption and efficiency models for WSN indicates that existing research work has not considered Single Hop Asymmetric Structure (SHAS) with high performing Error Correcting Codes (ECCs). We present a review on proposed ECS for WSN based on three criteria: Forward Error Correction (FEC), adaptive error correction techniques, and other techniques. Based on our review work, we found that there are limited works on ECS design on a realistic network model i.e., a modified multi-hop WSN model. Finally, we offer future research challenges and opportunities on ECS design and implementation for WSN.

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THE PERFORMANCE OF DIRECTIONAL FLOODING ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v74.4805 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Nur Asfarina Idrus ◽

Jiwa Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Underwater Sensor Networks ◽

Underwater Communication ◽

Routing Mechanism ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Networking Protocols

The specific characteristic of underwater environment introduces new challenges for the networking protocols. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) and terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) share some common properties but their differences necessitate specialized new protocols for successful underwater communication. In this paper, a specialized protocol, known as Directional Flooding Routing Protocol is being chosen as the protocol to implement the routing mechanism for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). The protocol is analyzed and evaluated. Simulation experiments have been carried out to find the suitability of various protocols for the sub aquatic transmission medium, whether in freshwater or seawater. The goal of this paper is to produce simulation results that would illustrate the performances of the protocol for a given metric such as end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. By analyzing the simulation results, DFR is considerably reliable for UWSN because this protocol is suitable for the sub aquatic transmission medium such as seawater.

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A Taxonomy of Routing Techniques in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks and Energy Efficiency ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-0101-7.ch006 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 119-147

Author(s):

Muhammad Ayaz ◽

Azween Abdullah ◽

Ibrahima Faye

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Dynamic Environment ◽

Vital Role ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Underwater Sensor Networks ◽

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sea Bed ◽

Application Requirements

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are finding different applications for offshore exploration and ocean monitoring. In most of these applications, the network consists of a significant number of sensor nodes deployed at different depth levels throughout the area of interest. Sensor nodes on the sea bed cannot communicate directly with the nodes near the surface level, so they require multihop communication assisted by an appropriate routing scheme. However, this appropriateness not only depends on network resources and application requirements, but environment constraints are involved as well. These factors all provide a platform where a resource aware routing strategy plays a vital role in fulfilling different application requirements with dynamic environment conditions. Realizing this fact, much of the attention has been given to construct a reliable scheme, and many routing protocols have been proposed in order to provide efficient route discoveries between the source and sink. In this chapter, the authors present a review and comparison of different algorithms proposed recently for underwater sensor networks. Later on, all of these have been classified into different groups according to their characteristics and functionalities.

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Optical wireless communication for underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Hardware modules and circuits design and implementation

OCEANS 2010 MTS/IEEE SEATTLE ◽

10.1109/oceans.2010.5664321 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

D Anguita ◽

D Brizzolara ◽

G Parodi

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Wireless Communication ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Optical Wireless Communication ◽

Optical Wireless ◽

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Design And Implementation

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Analysis on Simulation Tools for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)

2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV) ◽

10.1109/icicv50876.2021.9388401 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

T C Subash Ponraj ◽

Rajeev Sukumaran ◽

S R Vignesh ◽

T T Manikandan ◽

M Saravanan

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Simulation Tools

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Experimental Tools and Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.c4441.098319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1674-1684

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Research Community ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Energy Data ◽

Simulation Tools ◽

The Past ◽

Tools And Techniques

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have earned an upsurging inquisitiveness of the research community over the past decade and for the upcoming era, due to which we can realize its countless applications in various fields including medical, military, environment and academia. Wireless sensor networks composed of thousands or sometimes millions of sensor nodes which are usually operated by batteries that have limited energy, data processing, storage and transmission capacity. Moreover, these sensor nodes are densely deployed in human inaccessible regions and connected through error prone wireless links to offer a long coverage, therefore It is very difficult rather impractical to analyze the behavior of WSNs with real experiments. Most researches in this particular field are carried out by using simulation tools in several educational associations and research hubs. For this reason study of existing experimental tools for analyzing the behavior of WSNs becomes essential. This paper is intended to present a review on experimental tools and techniques available in the literature for WSNs, including simulators, emulators and test beds. These tools are highly useful for analyzing the operational behavior of wireless sensor networks. This paper also provides a roadmap for selecting appropriate experimental tools for various kinds of WSNs and its applications by taking into account their capabilities, relative ease of use and accuracy.

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2019/6470359 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Khalid Mahmood Awan ◽

Peer Azmat Shah ◽

Khalid Iqbal ◽

Saira Gillani ◽

Waqas Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Access Control ◽

Propagation Delay ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Media Access Control ◽

Underwater Sensor Networks ◽

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Media Access ◽

Limited Bandwidth

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) contain several components such as vehicles and sensors that are deployed in a specific acoustic area to perform collaborative monitoring and data collection tasks. These networks are used interactively between different nodes and ground-based stations. Presently, UWSNs face issues and challenges regarding limited bandwidth, high propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and power constraints. In the last few decades, research community provided different methodologies to overcome these issues and challenges; however, some of them are still open for research due to variable characteristics of underwater environment. In this paper, a survey of UWSN regarding underwater communication channel, environmental factors, localization, media access control, routing protocols, and effect of packet size on communication is conducted. We compared presently available methodologies and discussed their pros and cons to highlight new directions of research for further improvement in underwater sensor networks.

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Relative Distance-Based Forwarding Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.655 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 437 ◽

pp. 655-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zong Lin Li ◽

Nian Min Yao ◽

Qin Gao

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Propagation Speed ◽

Link Quality ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Relative Distance ◽

Underwater Sensor Networks ◽

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Research Attention

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted significant research attention recently from both industry and academia. Due to the significantly differences from terrestrial wireless sensor networks, including slow propagation speed, high end-to-end delay, low available bandwidth, variable link quality and energy constraint, designing an efficient routing protocol for the underwater sensor networks is challenging. In this paper we devise a relative distance-based forwarding (RDBF) routing protocol, which always try to send the packets along an optimized path without constructing a communication path previously. To limit the scope of candidate forwarders and find the optimal relay, we utilize a fitness factor to measure and judge the degree of appropriateness for a node to forward the packets.

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An Enhanced Virtual Force Algorithm for Diverse k-Coverage Deployment of 3D Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19163496 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (16) ◽

pp. 3496 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wenming Wang ◽

Haiping Huang ◽

Fan He ◽

Fu Xiao ◽

Xin Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Underwater Sensor Networks ◽

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Typical Application ◽

Equivalent Radius ◽

Virtual Force ◽

Special Cases

The combination of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and edge computing not only enhances their capabilities, but also motivates a series of new applications. As a typical application, 3D Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have become a hot research issue. However, the coverage of underwater sensor networks problem must be solved, for it has a great significance for the network’s capacity for information acquisition and environment perception, as well as its survivability. In this paper, we firstly study the minimal number of sensor nodes needed to build a diverse k-coverage sensor network. We then propose a k-Equivalent Radius enhanced Virtual Force Algorithm (called k-ERVFA) to achieve an uneven regional coverage optimization for different k-coverage requirements. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm. The detailed performance comparisons show that k-ERVFA acquires a better coverage rate in high k-coverage sub-regions, thus achieving a desirable diverse k-coverage deployment. Finally, we perform sensitivity analysis of the simulation parameters and extend k-ERVFA to special cases such as sensor-sparse regions and time-variant situations.

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