Abundant distribution of locustatachykinin-like peptide in the nervous system and intestine of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae

1995 ◽  
Vol 348 (1326) ◽  
pp. 423-444 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Leucophaea Maderae ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
Frontal Ganglion ◽  
The Brain

An antiserum raised to the locust neuropeptide locustatachykinin I (LomTK I) was used for analysis of the distribution of tachykinin-related peptide in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae . Extracts of dissected brains, suboesophageal ganglia, thoracic ganglia and midguts were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and the fractions analysed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with use of the LomTK antiserum. Each of the tissues was found to contain LomTK-like immunoreactive (LomTK-LI) components with retention times corresponding approximately to synthetic LomTK I and II and callitachykinins I and II. The LomTK antiserum was also used for immunocytochemical mapping of peptide in the nervous system and intestine of L.maderae . A large number of LomTK-LI interneurons were detected in the proto-, deuto- and tritocerebrum of the brain and in the suboesophaegeal ganglion. The immunoreactive neurons supply processes to most parts of the brain: the central body, protocerebral bridge, mushroom body calyces, antennal lobes, optic lobe and most regions of the non-glomerular neuropil. A few protocerebral neurons send LomTK-LI processes to the glandular lobe of the corpora cardiaca. In each of the thoracic ganglia there are six LomTK-LI interneurons and in each of the unfused abdominal ones there are two interneurons. The fused terminal ganglion contains some additional cell bodies in the posterior neuromers. LomTK-LI cell bodies were detected in the frontal ganglion and fibres were seen in this ganglion as well as in the hypocerebral ganglion. The frontal ganglion supplies LomTK-LI processes to the muscle layer of the pharynx. The muscle layer of the midgut is innervated by LomTK-LI fibres from the stomatogastric system (oesophageal nerve and associated ganglia). Additionally the midgut contains numerous LomTK-LI endocrine cells. A number of the pharyngeal dilator muscles were also found to be innervated by LomTK-LI fibres, probably derived from cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion. All the LomTK-LI neurons of the central nervous system appear to be interneurons, suggesting a neuromodulatory role of the endogenous tachykinins. The tachykinin-like peptides from peripheral ganglia may be involved in the control of foregut and midgut contractility and possibly the peptide of the endocrine cells in the midgut has additional actions related to intestinal function.

scholarly journals Several forms of callitachykinins are distributed in the central nervous system and intestine of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (12) ◽  
pp. 2527-2536
Author(s):  
D R Nässel ◽  
M Y Kim ◽  
C T Lundquist
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Immunoreactive Material ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Entire Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

We have examined the distribution of two tachykinin-related neuropeptides, callitachykinin I and II (CavTK-I and CavTK-II), isolated from whole-animal extracts of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Extracts of dissected brains, thoracic-abdominal ganglia and midguts of adult blowflies and the entire central nervous system of larval flies were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of CavTKs. To identify the two neuropeptides by HPLC, we used the retention times of synthetic CavTK-I and II as reference and detection with an antiserum raised to locustatachykinin II (shown here to recognise both CavTK-I and II). The brain contains only two immunoreactive components, and these have exactly the same retention times as CavTK-I and II. The thoracic-abdominal ganglia and midgut contain immunoreactive material eluting like CavTK-I and II as well as additional material eluting later. The larval central nervous system (CNS) contains material eluting like CavTK-I and II as well as a component that elutes earlier. We conclude that CavTK-I and II are present in all assayed tissues and that additional, hitherto uncharacterised, forms of tachykinin-immunoreactive material may be present in the body ganglia and midgut as well as in the larval CNS. An antiserum was raised to CavTK-II for immunocytochemistry. This antiserum, which was found to be specific for CavTK-II in ELISA, labelled all the neurones and midgut endocrine cells previously shown to react with the less selective locustatachykinin antisera. It is not clear, however, whether CavTK-I and II are colocalised in all LomTK-immunoreactive cells since there is no unambiguous probe for CavTK-I.

Levels of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and dopamine in some tissues of the cockroach Periplaneta americana

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2669-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Duff Sloley ◽  
Roger G. H. Downer ◽  
Cedric Gillott
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Frontal Ganglion ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

Tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and dopamine were measured in the frontal ganglion, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata, nerves of the suboesophageal ganglion, nerves of the thoracic ganglia, gut, testes, and ovaries of the cockroach Periplaneta americana using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was demonstrated in the frontal ganglion, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata, and nerves of the suboesophageal ganglion but not in the gut, testes, ovaries, or nerves of the thoracic ganglia. These results quantitatively confirm immunohistochemical studies of 5-hydroxytryptamine in neurohaemal and nonneuronal tissues of the cockroach. Dopamine was found in all neurohaemal and nervous tissue examined. Dopamine was also found at low levels in the rectum. Tryptophan was found in all tissues examined.

scholarly journals Descending and Ascending Signals That Maintain Rhythmic Walking Pattern in Crickets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Naniwa ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements

The cricket is one of the model animals used to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying adaptive locomotion. An intact cricket walks mostly with a tripod gait, similar to other insects. The motor control center of the leg movements is located in the thoracic ganglia. In this study, we investigated the walking gait patterns of the crickets whose ventral nerve cords were surgically cut to gain an understanding of how the descending signals from the head ganglia and ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system into the thoracic ganglia mediate the initiation and coordination of the walking gait pattern. Crickets whose paired connectives between the brain and subesophageal ganglion (SEG) (circumesophageal connectives) were cut exhibited a tripod gait pattern. However, when one side of the circumesophageal connectives was cut, the crickets continued to turn in the opposite direction to the connective cut. Crickets whose paired connectives between the SEG and prothoracic ganglion were cut did not walk, whereas the crickets exhibited an ordinal tripod gait pattern when one side of the connectives was intact. Crickets whose paired connectives between the metathoracic ganglion and abdominal ganglia were cut initiated walking, although the gait was not a coordinated tripod pattern, whereas the crickets exhibited a tripod gait when one side of the connectives was intact. These results suggest that the brain plays an inhibitory role in initiating leg movements and that both the descending signals from the head ganglia and the ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system are important in initiating and coordinating insect walking gait patterns.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular systems in the fifth instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): I-Cephalothoracic musculature and its innervation

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
S. Sivaprasad ◽  
P. Muralimohan
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Neuromuscular Systems ◽  
Frontal Ganglion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Silkworm Bombyx Mori

The cephalo-thoracic musculature of the fifth instar larva of Bombyx mori comprises distinct groups of segmental muscle bands arranged in a stereotyped pattern. It includes dorsal, ventral, tergopleural, tergocoxal, lateral intersegmental, pleurosternal, sternocoxal, pleurocoxal and spiracular muscles. The cephalothoracic segments are innervated by the nerves of brain, suboesophageal ganglion (SG) and three thoracic ganglia (TG1, TG2, TG3).The brain gives nerves for compound eyes, antennae, labrum, frontal ganglion and the integument in the head. The SG, TG1,TG2,and TG3 give out a pair of lateral segmental nerves each, called the dorsal (DN) and ventral (VN) nerves. The DN of SG innervates muscles in the cephalic region, while its VN innervates muscles in the prothorax. The DN of thoracic ganglia innervates muscles in the dorsal, lateral and ventral regions of the hemi-segment while the VN innervates muscles in the ventral region. The innervation pattern indicates the presence of mixed nerves and multiple innervations that facilitate coordinated body movements and locomotion.

scholarly journals Cerebral Apolipoprotein D Exits the Brain and Accumulates in Peripheral Tissues

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4118
Author(s):  
Frederik Desmarais ◽  
Vincent Hervé ◽  
Karl F. Bergeron ◽  
Gaétan Ravaut ◽  
Morgane Perrotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Apolipoprotein D ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a secreted lipocalin associated with neuroprotection and lipid metabolism. In rodent, the bulk of its expression occurs in the central nervous system. Despite this, ApoD has profound effects in peripheral tissues, indicating that neural ApoD may reach peripheral organs. We endeavor to determine if cerebral ApoD can reach the circulation and accumulate in peripheral tissues. Three hours was necessary for over 40% of all the radiolabeled human ApoD (hApoD), injected bilaterally, to exit the central nervous system (CNS). Once in circulation, hApoD accumulates mostly in the kidneys/urine, liver, and muscles. Accumulation specificity of hApoD in these tissues was strongly correlated with the expression of lowly glycosylated basigin (BSG, CD147). hApoD was observed to pass through bEnd.3 blood brain barrier endothelial cells monolayers. However, cyclophilin A did not impact hApoD internalization rates in bEnd.3, indicating that ApoD exit from the brain is either independent of BSG or relies on additional cell types. Overall, our data showed that ApoD can quickly and efficiently exit the CNS and reach the liver and kidneys/urine, organs linked to the recycling and excretion of lipids and toxins. This indicated that cerebral overexpression during neurodegenerative episodes may serve to evacuate neurotoxic ApoD ligands from the CNS.

scholarly journals Descending and ascending signals that maintain rhythmic walking pattern in the cricket

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Naniwa ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements

AbstractThe cricket is one of the model animals used to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying adaptive locomotion. An intact cricket walks with a tripod gait, similar to other insects. The motor control center of the leg movements is located in the thoracic ganglia. In this study, we investigated the walking gait patterns of crickets whose ventral nerve cords were surgically cut to gain an understanding of how the descending signals from the head ganglia and ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system into the thoracic ganglia mediate the initiation and coordination of the walking gait pattern. Crickets whose paired connectives between the brain and subesophageal ganglion (SEG) were cut exhibited a tripod gait pattern. However, when one side of the connectives between the brain and SEG was cut, the crickets continued to turn in the opposite direction to the connective cut. Crickets whose paired connectives between the SEG and prothoracic ganglion were cut did not walk, whereas the crickets exhibited an ordinal tripod gait pattern when one side of the connectives was intact. Crickets whose paired connectives between the metathoracic ganglion and abdominal ganglia were cut initiated walking, although the gait was not a coordinated tripod pattern, whereas the crickets exhibited a tripod gait when one side of the connectives was intact. These results suggest that the brain plays an inhibitory role in initiating leg movements, and that both the descending signals from the head ganglia and the ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system are both important in initiating and coordinating insect walking gait patterns.

The Mandibular Ganglion -- a new Peripheral Ganglion of the Locust

1990 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER BRÄUNIG
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurones ◽  
Mandibular Segment ◽  
Frontal Ganglion ◽  
The Brain

Paired peripheral ganglia within the locust mandibular segment are described. Each mandibular ganglion contains the cell bodies of 22–25 neurones. Four of these are sensory neurones which innervate the receptor strand of one of the mandibular proprioceptors. The other neurones connect the suboesophageal ganglion with the tritocerebral lobes of the brain, and with the first ganglion of the stomatogastric nervous system, the frontal ganglion.

Immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sivasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Brain Lobe ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Localization of immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica, was investigated by immunocytochemical methods. In both the larva and the adult a total of 16 neurons reacted positively against substance P antiserum. Of these, 10 were in the brain and 6 in the thoracic ganglia. The neurons were arranged in bilateral pairs. In the larval nervous system each brain lobe contained a cluster of four pairs of immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal protocerebrum, and the subesophageal ganglion and each of the thoracic neuromeres contained one pair each. The adult nervous system possessed the same number of imunoreactive neurons with identical distribution within the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. However, the position of the protocerebral neurons was slightly altered. The pattern of immunoreactive axonal processes as well as the very high immunoreactivity observed in the dorsal neural sheath of the adult thoracic ganglion suggest a neurohormonal–neuromodulator role for substance P in this insect.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

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