Development, life cycle, ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff 1888: rediscovery of an obligate endoparasite of Daphnia magna Straus

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1348) ◽  
pp. 1689-1701 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Pasteuria Ramosa ◽  
Development Life Cycle

The development, life cycle, ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of an obligate, spore-forming endoparasite of Daphnia magna Straus is described. The microparasite was found in the body cavity of three Daphnia species (D. magna , D. pulex and D. longispa )collected in England and Russia during 1992-1994 and maintained in artificial culture by co-cultivation with D. magna . Transmission of the endoparasite occurred horizontally through waterborne spores released from the remains of dead infected hosts. Progeny of infected hosts were never infected, indicating that vertical transmission does not occur. Egg production by infected mothers ceased soon after infection and death ensued after 46 days ( ± 7 standard error) at 20 °C. Phase contrast light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the infection process showed the endoparasite to have a polymorphic life cycle beginning with the appearance of branched ‘cauliflower-like’ rosettes and ended with the development of single, oval endospores, nippled at one end and with complex internal structure. Endospore formation resembled that found in endosporeforming bacteria. Morphologically the parasite has strong resemblance to the Pasteuria ramosa that Metchnikoff isolated from D. magna and D. pulex in Ukraine and described in 1888. Identification of this parasite has been an enduring puzzle since Metchnikoff. The previously confused phylogenetic position of P. ramosa (it has been classified as bacterium, yeast and protozoa) was resolved by sequencing the 16SrDNA molecule. Fluorescent in situ hybridizations confirmed that the 16S rDNA sequence obtained from the spores within the D. magna body cavity originated from the endoparasite. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analysis showed that P. ramosa belongs to the low G + C Gram positive branch of the eubacteria and resides within a clade containing Bacillus tusciae , Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus and A. acidocaldarius as its nearest neighbours. These results confirm suggestions that this parasite is a bacterium and refute its previous tentative placement based on its morphological complexity among the Actinomycetales.

A study of the host relations of Halictophagus pontifex Fox (Strepsiptera), a parasite of Cercopidae (Hem., Aphrophorinae), in Uganda

1970 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Greathead
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Grassland Site ◽  
Host Relations

The relations of the Strepsipterous parasite Halictophagus pontifex Fox to seven species of its Cercopid (Aphrophorinae) hosts were studied at a grassland site in Uganda. Dissections of weekly samples of the Cercopids collected by sweeping showed that the duration of the life-cycle of H. pontifex is 30–40 days. The parasite is found only in adult hosts which can support as many individuals (up to 7) in Poophilus costalis (Wlk.) as can develop in the space available in the body cavity. Both the maximum number of parasites per host and the rate of parasitism are related to the volume of the host. Parasitism arrests development of the ovaries of female hosts; they may reproduce after emergence of male parasites but not after exhaustion of females because of reinfection by triungulins. Graphical and regression analysis of the population data (no. individuals/1 000 sweeps) show that, for P. costalis, parasitism by H. pontifex is density dependent and the chief regulating factor. Rainfall 58–64 days before sampling also was correlated with P. costalis density, but multiple regression analysis showed it to be insignificant.

scholarly journals Naked chancelloriids from the lower Cambrian of China show evidence for sponge-type growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1881) ◽  
pp. 20180296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Yun Cong ◽  
Thomas H. P. Harvey ◽  
Mark Williams ◽  
David J. Siveter ◽  
Derek J. Siveter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cambrian ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Body Plan Evolution ◽  
Extinct Group

Chancelloriids are an extinct group of spiny Cambrian animals of uncertain phylogenetic position. Despite their sponge-like body plan, their spines are unlike modern sponge spicules, but share several features with the sclerites of certain Cambrian bilaterians, notably halkieriids. However, a proposed homology of these ‘coelosclerites' implies complex transitions in body plan evolution. A new species of chancelloriid, Allonnia nuda , from the lower Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte is distinguished by its large size and sparse spination, with modified apical sclerites surrounding an opening into the body cavity. The sclerite arrangement in A. nuda and certain other chancelloriids indicates that growth involved sclerite addition in a subapical region, thus maintaining distinct zones of body sclerites and apical sclerites. This pattern is not seen in halkieriids, but occurs in some modern calcarean sponges. With scleritome assembly consistent with a sponge affinity, and in the absence of cnidarian- or bilaterian-grade features, it is possible to interpret chancelloriids as sponges with an unusually robust outer epithelium, strict developmental control of body axis formation, distinctive spicule-like structures and, by implication, minute ostia too small to be resolved in fossils. In this light, chancelloriids may contribute to the emerging picture of high disparity among early sponges.

The association of two Diplogasteroides species (Secernentea: Diplogastrina) and cockchafers (Melolontha spp., Scarabaeidae)

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kiontke ◽  
Albrecht Manegold
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Male To Female

AbstractThe life cycle of two morphologically very similar Diplogasteroides species and their association with cockchafers in southern Germany was investigated. 70-100% of cockchafer grubs and 95% of the imagines carried Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles. The nematodes were almost exclusively found on the external cuticle of the insects and usually not in the body cavity or the intestine. Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles embark on the grub and accumulate during its development. There was some indication that dauer juveniles are transmitted from male to female beetle during copulation. The dauer juveniles resume development only after the death of the beetle, feeding on the cadaver (necromeny). Former hypotheses, assuming the nematode species to be parasitic and to cause the death of cockchafer grubs, can be refuted.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Observations on the Insect Parasites of Some Coccidæ

1918 ◽  
Vol s2-63 (251) ◽  
pp. 293-374
Author(s):  
A. D. IMMS
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Pass Through

(1) Blastothrix britannica, Gir., and Aphycus melanostomatus, Timb., are two important Chalcid parasites of the Scale Insect Lecanium capreæ. (2) B. britannica passes through two generations in the year, and both males and females occur in approximately equal numbers. The first generation of adults are derived from hibernated larvæ, and emerge during May and early June. The female lays one or several eggs in the young fully grown host, only perforating the body-wall of the latter with her ovipositor and leaving the pedicel of the egg protruding to the exterior. The newly-hatched larva is unique among Hymenoptera in being metapnenstic, and its spiracular extremity remains attached to the chorion of the egg. By this means the parasite respires free air through the open apex of the pedicel. Subsequently it loses its attachment, becomes peripneustic with nine pairs of open spiracles, and lies free in the body-cavity of the Coccid. At this stage it frequently becomes enclosed in a phagocytic sheath formed by the host. Pupation takes place, within the body of the latter, and occurs towards the end of June; as many as forty-two pupze were found within a single Lecanium. The second generation of adults emerge in greatest numbers during the first three weeks of July. The females utilise the very young larval hosts for purposes of oviposition, and lay a single egg within inch Coccid selected. The resulting larvæ pass through changes similar to those undergone in the first generation, but remain throughout the winter within the bodies of their hosts, and pupate, as a rule, during the following April. The Chalcids which emerge there from constitute the first generation of adults for that year. (3) A. melanostomatus similarly passes through two animal generations, and the various stages of its life-history occur almost contemporaneously with those of the preceding species. Males, however, are less abundant than females, and occur in the approximate proportion of 1:3. The first generation of adults emerges between the beginning of May and the middle of June. The eggs are devoid of a pedicel, and are deposited within the body-cavity of the young adult hosts. The larvæ upon hatching are apneustic, respiration taking place through the skin. They subsequently become peripneustic with nine pairs of open spiracles, and are usually enclosed in a sheath or cyst. Pupation takes place within the host, and from one to forty-eight pupæ were found in a single example of the latter. The second generation of adults emerge about the same time as those of the previous species, and, similarly to the latter, they utilise the very young larval hosts for purposes of oviposition. The eggs are laid singly, a female never depositing more than one egg in an individual Coccid. The larval parasites over-winter in the apneustic condition, and give rise to the first generation of adults of the following year. A partial third generation of adults has been observed. (4) The results of the first generation of parasitism upon the host are similar in both species of Chalcids. From the purely economic standpoint they are negligible. An average of about 53 per cent, of the Lecanium are attacked, but the latter do not succumb to the effects thereof until after they have deposited their ova. Furthermore, no conclusive evidence was discovered which might indicate any inhibitory action on the part of the parasitism in relation to egg production by the host. On the other hand, the effects of the second generation of parasitism are complete; about 40 per cent, of the hosts are attacked and destroyed a long period before attaining sexual maturity. (5) The second generation of parasitism is of great importance in limiting the abundance of the host, which, in consequence, seldom occurs in sufficient numbers to constitute a pest, notwithstanding its high fecundity.

A new chytridiomycete parasitizing the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1525-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Ann Dewel ◽  
Jerry D. Joines ◽  
John J. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Central Mass ◽  
Host Death

The life cycle of a chytridiomycete, Sorochytrium milnesiophthora gen. et sp. nov., infecting the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum, is described. The zoospores are posteriorly uniflagellate and ovoid, and possess a central mass similar to a nuclear cap. To initiate an endobiotic infection they attach to the cuticle of the host, encyst, and generate an appressorium. The appressorium forms a penetration tube which crosses the cuticle to the epidermis and enlarges at the tip into a spherical thallus. Concomitantly, vacuoles replace the cytoplasm of the cyst and appressorium. As the thallus enlarges, it moves into the body cavity and cleaves into segments. The segments separate and round up into incipient sporangia. The incipient sporangia develop branching rhizoids in conjunction with host death. After a period of growth the sporangia form inoperculate exit papillae which penetrate the host cuticle. Zoospores exit individually and fully formed. The fungus can develop a polycentric phase when freshly collected, dead hosts containing sporangia are cultured in habitat water or on nutrient agar. The growth is extramatrical, covering the surface of the old host. It is rhizoidal, branching, and nonseptate with numerous intercalate incipient sporangia bearing rhizoids. On nutrient media the thallus grows indefinitely while in habitat water the incipient sporangia mature and discharge motile spores. The spores frequently have two to five flagella and are larger than those of the endobiotic colonial phase. A similar polycentric growth develops when motile spores are isolated on nutrient medium and suggests that the extramatrical growth on the host originates from encysted spores.

An experimental investigation of a direct life-cycle inReighardia sternae(Diesing, 1864), a pentastomid parasite of the herring gull (Larus argentatus)

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Banaja ◽  
J. L. James ◽  
J. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larus Argentatus ◽  
Herring Gull ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Direct Life Cycle

A direct life-cycle inReighardia sternae, a cephalobaenid pentastomid of gulls was investigated: the work was prompted by a report of eggs and larvae recovered from the stomach and intestine of a naturally infected gull.Infective pentastomid eggs were obtained by surgically transplanting maturing femaleReighardia, taken from freshly shot wild gulls, into captive recipients. Faecal material from birds thus artificially infected was collected daily and examined for eggs. Eggs were force fed to 33 hand-reared (from eggs or nestlings) juvenile gulls which were selected at random and sacrificed at intervals thereafter and examined for pentastomids.One hour after infection, primary larvae appear in the body cavity where they moult immediately. They grow steadily and by 27–35 days are sexually differentiated, and by 66 days have copulated. Fertilized females take a further 116 days to produce eggs by which time they are 7·6 cm long.The complex migrations undertaken by developing larvae in the gull, and the problems of the mechanism of direct transmission, are discussed.

scholarly journals On a New Saccharomycete Monosporella unicuspidata gen. n. nom., n.sp., Parasitic in the Body Cavity of a Dipterous Larva (Dasyhelea obscura Winnertz).

Parasitology ◽  
1920 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Keilin
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Fungus

The genus Monospora (= Monosporella renamed) was founded by Metschnikoff in 1884 to designate a parasitic fungus which he discovered in Daphnia magna. This monocellular fungus, of which he described only one species, Monospora bicuspidata, lives free in the body cavity of its host, where it multiplies actively by budding in a yeast-like manner (Fig. I, 1, 2, 3).

scholarly journals Penggunaan Smartphone Application Guna Mempelajari Cara Mengurus Jenazah Umat Muslim

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Muhammad Awiet Wiedanto Prasetyo ◽  
Zulia Karini ◽  
Harun Al Ayubi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
The Body ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Life Cycle ◽  
Multimedia Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

The obligation of Muslim towards their relatives who died there are four cases, namely bathing, believing, praying and burying. The community considers that there is no need to think about how to care for the body from the beginning to the finish because there are already their own officers. Rhile in a hadist from ‘Aisyah said Rasullah SAW: “Anyone who bathes a corpse and is guarded by trust and cannot be opened (secret) about the protection of the sympathy for the people there hen comes from sin for hs condition. Based on the hadist mentioned the person who mentioned bathe the corpse in priority is his own closest family, then if the family cannot, then other people can do it, while bathing is included in the case of receiving a corpse based on the results of an interview with teacher Madrasah Diniyah Baitul Athfal by agreeing to him about the management of the body, it is expected if it involves family members. Who can use the world od the sunna of the prophet and also in the future can be used as a successor. In Madrasah Diniyah Baitul Athfal involved in the learning process due to shortages in madrasah are short plus students do not have books about the management of bodies or jurisprudence books become obstacles in the process of learning. Teaching lessons for students or instructors. After obtaining data from data collection, .researchers create a system with predetermined and more relevant methods using the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) Method. Based on the results obtained for 9352 and included in the category of Good, then the application was validated that can be applied to the research object.

scholarly journals Studies on the Life Cycle of Some New Zealand Anisakidae (Nematoda)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rosemary Jennifer Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Phocarctos Hookeri

<p>The life cycle of Anisakis simplex in New Zealand waters is described from observations on the morphology, distribution and behaviour of free-living and parasitic stages. Comparison with the life cyles of two other anisakids, Phocanema decipiens Myers 1959 and Thynnascaris adunca Rudolphi 1802 shows differences in distribution, degrees of host specificity, the status of invertebrate hosts, the factors influencing infestation levels of teleost hosts, and the location and pathological effects of infestation. Larval stages occurring in intermediate and paratenic hosts were identified by comparison of larval and adult morphometrics. A. simplex larvae were also positively identified by in vitro cultivation through to adults. Some morphometric variations compared to overseas descriptions are apparent. The ventriculus of A. simplex larvae is shorter relative to body length and the intestinal caecum of P. decipiens is longer relative to ventriculus length. Egg and free-living larval stages were obtained from in vitro cultivation of (A. simplex) and collection of eggs from mature adults from definitive hosts (T. adunca). Eggs of P. decipiens were not obtained. Eggs of A. simplex and T. adunca hatch in 8-11 days at 15 [degrees] C. A. simplex eggs hatch in 6 days at a temperature of 22 [degrees] C and did not hatch in 16 days at 10 [degrees] C. Eggs and free-living stage III larvae of A. simplex and T. adunca are similar in morphology with little differentiation of internal structures. Examination of the stomach contents of pelagic fish infested with anisakids indicated that possible intermediate hosts of A. simplex are the euphausiid Nyctiphanes australis and the decapod Munida gregaria. Possible hosts of T. adunca and M. gregaria are a wide variety of smaller zooplanktonic groups, e.g. decapod larvae and copepods. Larvae of A. simplex were found in one of 8850 N. australis; larvae of T. adunca were found in 69 of 3999 chaetognaths (Sagitta spp.) a medusa and a decapod larva. These larvae are morphologically similar to Stage III larvae from teleosts. No anisakids were found in 3956 Euphausia spp., 1147 M. gregaria and 740 prawns. Twenty five T. adunca larvae and adults were found in 818 freshly eaten M. gregaria in teleost stomachs, indicating that this invertebrate may act as a paratenic and a definitive host. Experimental infection of N. australis and M. gregaria with stage II larvae of A. simplex and T. adunca was unsuccessful. The location of anisakid infestation in three pelagic teleost species, Thyrsites atun, Trachurus novaezelandiae and Trachurus declivis is described. A. simplex larvae are found mainly in the body cavity of all species, at the posterior end of the stomach, with less than one percent occurring in the musculature. Distribution of A. simplex larvae does not change with increasing size of the host or increasing total worm burden. Thyrsites atun have a higher proportion of larvae in the stomach wall (8-13%) compared to Trachurus spp. (< 4%). T. adunca larvae are found infrequently in the body cavity of all three species, on the pyloric caeca and in the stomach wall. Adults and larvae of T. adunca are found more commonly in the alimentary canal, indicating that these teleosts are more important as definitive hosts in the life cycle of this anisakid. P. decipiens larvae are found only in Thyrsites atun and occur mainly in the muscles (98.5%). No quantitative pathogenic effects of anisakid infestation on these teleosts hosts were detected. The main factors influencing the infestation of the three teleost species are age of the host, locality and season. Sex of the host and depth (over the continental shelf, 0-250 m) are not important. A. simplex infestation increased with age in all host species examined, and was higher in Trachurus declivis from the southern-most locality, suggesting the existence of at least two distinct populations of this species. Significant differences in infestation of Thyrsites atun with P. decipiens suggests that this anisakid may be more common in southern localities also. The infestation of Thyrsites atun by larval and adult T. adunca in the alimentary canal is most influenced by season and closely related to diet. Nematode samples were obtained from the marine mammals Arctocephalus forsteri, Kogia breviceps and Phocarctos hookeri. Adult A. simplex were recorded from A. forsteri (a new host record) and Kogia breviceps; preadults from Phocarctos hookeri. Adult P. decipiens were recorded from Phocarctos hookeri; preadults from Arctocephalus forsteri and K. breviceps. Other anisakids found were Anisakis physeteris (Baylis 1923), Contracaecum osculatum Rudolphi 1802 and Pseudoterranova kogiae (Johnston and Mawson 1939) Mosgovoi 1951. These records are all new for the New Zealand region except P. decipiens from P. hookeri and C. osculatum from Arctocephalus forsteri. A. simplex and C. osculatum were found associated with gastric ulcers in Arctocephalus forsteri.</p>

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