Networks of reliable reputations and cooperation: a review

Reputation has been shown to provide an informal solution to the problem of cooperation in human societies. After reviewing models that connect reputations and cooperation, we address how reputation results from information exchange embedded in a social network that changes endogenously itself. Theoretical studies highlight that network topologies have different effects on the extent of cooperation, since they can foster or hinder the flow of reputational information. Subsequently, we review models and empirical studies that intend to grasp the coevolution of reputations, cooperation and social networks. We identify open questions in the literature concerning how networks affect the accuracy of reputations, the honesty of shared information and the spread of reputational information. Certain network topologies may facilitate biased beliefs and intergroup competition or in-group identity formation that could lead to high cooperation within but conflicts between different subgroups of a network. Our review covers theoretical, experimental and field studies across various disciplines that target these questions and could explain how the dynamics of interactions and reputations help or prevent the establishment and sustainability of cooperation in small- and large-scale societies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

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The history of scatter hoarding studies

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2009.0217 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 365 (1542) ◽

pp. 869-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Anders Brodin

Keyword(s):

Spatial Memory ◽

Large Scale ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Field Studies ◽

General Interest ◽

Scatter Hoarding ◽

Long Time ◽

History Of ◽

Theoretical Paper ◽

The 1960S

In this review, I will present an overview of the development of the field of scatter hoarding studies. Scatter hoarding is a conspicuous behaviour and it has been observed by humans for a long time. Apart from an exceptional experimental study already published in 1720, it started with observational field studies of scatter hoarding birds in the 1940s. Driven by a general interest in birds, several ornithologists made large-scale studies of hoarding behaviour in species such as nutcrackers and boreal titmice. Scatter hoarding birds seem to remember caching locations accurately, and it was shown in the 1960s that successful retrieval is dependent on a specific part of the brain, the hippocampus. The study of scatter hoarding, spatial memory and the hippocampus has since then developed into a study system for evolutionary studies of spatial memory. In 1978, a game theoretical paper started the era of modern studies by establishing that a recovery advantage is necessary for individual hoarders for the evolution of a hoarding strategy. The same year, a combined theoretical and empirical study on scatter hoarding squirrels investigated how caches should be spaced out in order to minimize cache loss, a phenomenon sometimes called optimal cache density theory. Since then, the scatter hoarding paradigm has branched into a number of different fields: (i) theoretical and empirical studies of the evolution of hoarding, (ii) field studies with modern sampling methods, (iii) studies of the precise nature of the caching memory, (iv) a variety of studies of caching memory and its relationship to the hippocampus. Scatter hoarding has also been the subject of studies of (v) coevolution between scatter hoarding animals and the plants that are dispersed by these.

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The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2020.0286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 376 (1838) ◽

Author(s):

S. Számadó ◽

D. Balliet ◽

F. Giardini ◽

E. A. Power ◽

K. Takács

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evidence ◽

Large Scale ◽

Necessary Conditions ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Reputation Systems ◽

Theme Issue ◽

Honest Signalling

Large-scale non-kin cooperation is a unique ingredient of human success. This type of cooperation is challenging to explain in a world of self-interested individuals. There is overwhelming empirical evidence from different disciplines that reputation and gossip promote cooperation in humans in different contexts. Despite decades of research, important details of reputation systems are still unclear. Our goal with this theme issue is to promote an interdisciplinary approach that allows us to explore and understand the evolution and maintenance of reputation systems with a special emphasis on gossip and honest signalling. The theme issue is organized around four main questions: What are the necessary conditions for reputation-based systems? What is the content and context of reputation systems? How can reputations promote cooperation? And, what is the role of gossip in maintaining reputation systems and thus cooperation? This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

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Gossip and reputation in everyday life

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2020.0301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 376 (1838) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Terence D. Dores Cruz ◽

Isabel Thielmann ◽

Simon Columbus ◽

Catherine Molho ◽

Junhui Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Daily Life ◽

Community Sample ◽

Partner Selection ◽

Third Party ◽

Theme Issue ◽

Honest Signalling ◽

Indirect Reciprocity ◽

Daily Events ◽

Shared Information

Gossip—a sender communicating to a receiver about an absent third party—is hypothesized to impact reputation formation, partner selection, and cooperation. Laboratory experiments have found that people gossip about others' cooperativeness and that they use gossip to condition their cooperation. Here, we move beyond the laboratory and test several predictions from theories of indirect reciprocity and reputation-based partner selection about the content of everyday gossip and how people use it to update the reputation of others in their social network. In a Dutch community sample ( N = 309), we sampled daily events in which people either sent or received gossip about a target over 10 days ( n gossip = 5284). Gossip senders frequently shared information about targets’ cooperativeness and did so in ways that minimize potential retaliation from targets. Receivers overwhelmingly believed gossip to be true and updated their evaluation of targets based on gossip. In turn, a positive shift in the evaluation of a target was associated with higher intentions to help them in future interactions, and with lower intentions to avoid them in the future. Thus, gossip is used in daily life to impact and update reputations in a way that enables partner selection and indirect reciprocity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

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Bullying, School Violence, and Climate in Evolving Contexts

10.1093/oso/9780190663049.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ron Avi Astor ◽

Rami Benbenisthty

Keyword(s):

School Violence ◽

School Safety ◽

Media Coverage ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ecological Model ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Teacher Student ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

New Research

Since 2005, the bullying, school violence, and school safety literatures have expanded dramatically in content, disciplines, and empirical studies. However, with this massive expansion of research, there is also a surprising lack of theoretical and empirical direction to guide efforts on how to advance our basic science and practical applications of this growing scientific area of interest. Parallel to this surge in interest, cultural norms, media coverage, and policies to address school safety and bullying have evolved at a remarkably quick pace over the past 13 years. For example, behaviors and populations that just a decade ago were not included in the school violence, bullying, and school safety discourse are now accepted areas of inquiry. These include, for instance, cyberbullying, sexting, social media shaming, teacher–student and student–teacher bullying, sexual harassment and assault, homicide, and suicide. Populations in schools not previously explored, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer students and educators and military- and veteran-connected students, become the foci of new research, policies, and programs. As a result, all US states and most industrialized countries now have a complex quilt of new school safety and bullying legislation and policies. Large-scale research and intervention funding programs are often linked to these policies. This book suggests an empirically driven unifying model that brings together these previously distinct literatures. This book presents an ecological model of school violence, bullying, and safety in evolving contexts that integrates all we have learned in the 13 years, and suggests ways to move forward.

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Effects of Trust and Threat Messaging on Academic Cheating: A Field Study

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797620977513 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095679762097751

Author(s):

Li Zhao ◽

Jiaxin Zheng ◽

Haiying Mao ◽

Xinyi Yu ◽

Jiacheng Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Academic Integrity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Theoretical Foundation ◽

Empirical Evaluation ◽

Psychological Theory ◽

Field Studies ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Academic Cheating ◽

College Classrooms

Morality-based interventions designed to promote academic integrity are being used by educational institutions around the world. Although many such approaches have a strong theoretical foundation and are supported by laboratory-based evidence, they often have not been subjected to rigorous empirical evaluation in real-world contexts. In a naturalistic field study ( N = 296), we evaluated a recent research-inspired classroom innovation in which students are told, just prior to taking an unproctored exam, that they are trusted to act with integrity. Four university classes were assigned to a proctored exam or one of three types of unproctored exam. Students who took unproctored exams cheated significantly more, which suggests that it may be premature to implement this approach in college classrooms. These findings point to the importance of conducting ecologically valid and well-controlled field studies that translate psychological theory into practice when introducing large-scale educational reforms.

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Internet of Vehicles: Commencing Intellectual Hoarse Towards Self-Regulating Cars and Vehicular Clouds for Smart Transportation Structure [Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network: A Review and Application in the Internet of Vehicles]

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16176 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3.12) ◽

pp. 545

Author(s):

Risabh Mishra ◽

M Safa ◽

Aditya Anand

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Wireless Communication ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

Information Exchange ◽

Large Scale ◽

Intelligent Transportation System ◽

Information Service ◽

The Internet ◽

Internet Of Vehicles ◽

The Internet Of Things

Recent advances in wireless communication technologies and automobile industry have triggered a significant research interest in the field of Internet of Vehicles over the past few years.The advanced period of the Internet of Things is guiding the development of conventional Vehicular Networks to the Internet of Vehicles.In the days of Internet connectivity there is need to be in safe and problem-free environment.The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is normally a mixing of three networks: an inter-vehicleNetwork, an intra-vehicle network, and a vehicle to vehicle network.Based on idea of three networks combining into one, we define Internet of Vehicles as a large-scale distributed system to wireless communication and information exchange between vehicle2X (X: vehicle, road, human and internet).It is a combined network for supporting intelligent traffic management, intelligent dynamic information service, and intelligent vehicle control, representation of an application of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for intelligent transportation system (ITS).

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Geographic information database for the analysis of spatial distribution of the Baikal endemic amphipods in Yenisei river

Вычислительные технологии ◽

10.25743/ict.2018.23.16487 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

А.В. Андрианова ◽

О.Э. Якубайлик

Keyword(s):

Information Exchange ◽

Field Research ◽

Field Studies ◽

Hydroelectric Power Station ◽

Hydroelectric Power ◽

Yenisei River ◽

Web System ◽

Geospatial Database ◽

Software Interfaces ◽

The Yenisei River

Рассматривается состояние эндемичных байкальских амфипод в р. Енисей, приводятся результаты экспедиционных исследований. Отмечается факт многоразового увеличения количества амфипод в Енисее после зарегулирования плотиной Красноярской ГЭС. Данные гидробиологического мониторинга оформлены в виде геопространственной базы данных на геопортале, который предоставляет возможности визуализации результатов исследований в виде интерактивных тематических карт, прямого доступа к данным через картографические веб-сервисы из современных ГИС. The purpose. The purpose of the work is the theoretical and practical studies of the possibilities for using the geoinformation web-system modern technologies for improving the efficiency of hydrobiological monitoring, and design of software tools of data presentation and analysis for field research. Methods. The technologies for development of distributed information systems in multi-tier architecture, along with software interfaces and protocols, information exchange standards are considered. The possibilities for using of geoinformation and cartographic modelling methods for searching the relationship between the spatial distributions of Baikal amphipods in the Yenisei river with different environmental factors are investigated. Results. The technologies and related software are developed for the considered problem. The geospatial database is generated and filled with the results of own longterm hydrobiological field studies, it has become an integral part of the geoportal of ICM SB RAS, which was formed by the separate thematic section. The focus is on the results of extensive field studies of the Yenisei implemented in 2015 and 2016. As to database content, the information about the quantitative distribution of zoobenthos (animals inhabiting the ponds bottom), in particular endemic Baikal amphipods, in the area from Yenisei river headwaters to its delta was used. It was revealed that the amphipods — the endemics of the Baikal lake — spread far beyond its limits not only downward, but also upstream the Yenisei river. After the commissioning of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, their share in the total zoobenthos biomass is increased by 10 times. Gmelinoides fasciatus crustacean is especially active; it has massively populated the area of the Upper Yenisei river below the Sayano-Shushensky reservoir. The density and the fraction of crustaceans in the zoobenthos in the area of the Angara — Podkamennaya Tunguska has increased over the last 15 years. Conclusions. Creation of a geospatial database alongside with the results of expeditionary research and the introduction of a GIS web-system for information-analytical support of hydrobiological monitoring significantly expands opportunities for the analysis and presentation of geodata, forms the basis for interdisciplinary research.

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Bistability of somatic pattern memories: stochastic outcomes in bioelectric circuits underlying regeneration

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2019.0765 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 376 (1821) ◽

pp. 20190765 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giovanni Pezzulo ◽

Joshua LaPalme ◽

Fallon Durant ◽

Michael Levin

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Computational Models ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Memory Representation ◽

Theme Issue ◽

Evolutionary Innovation ◽

New Interpretation ◽

The Brain

Nervous systems’ computational abilities are an evolutionary innovation, specializing and speed-optimizing ancient biophysical dynamics. Bioelectric signalling originated in cells' communication with the outside world and with each other, enabling cooperation towards adaptive construction and repair of multicellular bodies. Here, we review the emerging field of developmental bioelectricity, which links the field of basal cognition to state-of-the-art questions in regenerative medicine, synthetic bioengineering and even artificial intelligence. One of the predictions of this view is that regeneration and regulative development can restore correct large-scale anatomies from diverse starting states because, like the brain, they exploit bioelectric encoding of distributed goal states—in this case, pattern memories. We propose a new interpretation of recent stochastic regenerative phenotypes in planaria, by appealing to computational models of memory representation and processing in the brain. Moreover, we discuss novel findings showing that bioelectric changes induced in planaria can be stored in tissue for over a week, thus revealing that somatic bioelectric circuits in vivo can implement a long-term, re-writable memory medium. A consideration of the mechanisms, evolution and functionality of basal cognition makes novel predictions and provides an integrative perspective on the evolution, physiology and biomedicine of information processing in vivo . This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.

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Supply chain resilience in a developing country context: a case study on the interconnectedness of threats, strategies and outcomes

Supply Chain Management An International Journal ◽

10.1108/scm-02-2017-0059 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 486-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Benjamin Tukamuhabwa ◽

Mark Stevenson ◽

Jerry Busby

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Developing Country ◽

Large Scale ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Small Scale ◽

Supply Network ◽

Catastrophic Events ◽

Content Type ◽

Supply Chain Resilience

Purpose In few prior empirical studies on supply chain resilience (SCRES), the focus has been on the developed world. Yet, organisations in developing countries constitute a significant part of global supply chains and have also experienced the disastrous effects of supply chain failures. The purpose of this paper is therefore to empirically investigate SCRES in a developing country context and to show that this also provides theoretical insights into the nature of what is meant by resilience. Design/methodology/approach Using a case study approach, a supply network of 20 manufacturing firms in Uganda is analysed based on a total of 45 interviews. Findings The perceived threats to SCRES in this context are mainly small-scale, chronic disruptive events rather than discrete, large-scale catastrophic events typically emphasised in the literature. The data reveal how threats of disruption, resilience strategies and outcomes are inter-related in complex, coupled and non-linear ways. These interrelationships are explained by the political, cultural and territorial embeddedness of the supply network in a developing country. Further, this embeddedness contributes to the phenomenon of supply chain risk migration, whereby an attempt to mitigate one threat produces another threat and/or shifts the threat to another point in the supply network. Practical implications Managers should be aware, for example, of potential risk migration from one threat to another when crafting strategies to build SCRES. Equally, the potential for risk migration across the supply network means managers should look at the supply chain holistically because actors along the chain are so interconnected. Originality/value The paper goes beyond the extant literature by highlighting how SCRES is not only about responding to specific, isolated threats but about the continuous management of risk migration. It demonstrates that resilience requires both an understanding of the interconnectedness of threats, strategies and outcomes and an understanding of the embeddedness of the supply network. Finally, this study’s focus on the context of a developing country reveals that resilience should be equally concerned both with smaller in scale, chronic disruptions and with occasional, large-scale catastrophic events.

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