Noi cercetări asupra fortificațiilor de la Teliu, jud. Braşov / New investigations in the fortifications from Teliu, Brașov County

2019 ◽  
pp. 229-256
Author(s):  
Ștefan Maria-Magdalena ◽  
Ștefan Dan ◽  
Buzea Dan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Magnetic Method ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
Complex Design ◽  
Long Time ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

Two fortified sites were known in the vicinity of Teliu (Kreuzburg/Nyén/Keresztvár), Brașov county, since the 19th c. They were reported as located in close proximity one to another (200 m), at the foothills of Buzău Mountains - now covered in evergreen forests. Despite a long-time interest in them, including a series of excavations made during the 1960s and 1970s in Cetatea Mare (I), their full chronological attribution and function remained partially disputed. Following a series of works related to the building of a railway route along Teliu valley, during the interwar period, a stone quarry was opened right on top of Cetatea Mică (II), leading in time to its disappearance. A notorious connection with the Teuton early 13th c. fort of Cruceburg has been often explored in relation with these sites. The current contribution is a review of previously known data in the light of more recent investigations undertaken in 2019, in the area of the two fortified sites, 45 years after their last systematic exploration. The work is based on the general interest of the authors in advancing the knowledge regarding the uncertain dating of numerous fortified places of south-eastern Transylvania, characterized by repeated occupation and scarce archaeological deposits. A LiDAR based survey combined with a geophysical investigation (magnetic method) in Cetatea Mare allowed a better reconstruction of this site’s plan and layout of fortifications, revealing a more complex design in which the fortification ditches were continued with terraces on the two main site’s slopes. An additional ditch, unknown before, was identified in the northern site sector. In total, the area affected by anthropic works in Cetatea Mare can be recognized now on a 2 ha surface, while the number of enclosure lines reached five. By reopening a small part of an old trench (S XIII) we succeeded to establish correlations with the already published stratigraphic profiles and collect samples for dating with radiocarbon method. The results of these analyses combined with a critical review of the older data show that the site was repeatedly visited along the Bronze and Iron Ages for certain activities which did not left consistent traces. At least two major moments in which the site was affected by large scale levellings associated to enclosure rebuilding could be noticed, once dated in Hallstatt C-D (which could have relocated previous Schneckenberg and Wietenberg materials) and the other in the late 1st C. BC - early 1st c. AD. We date the large relief modifications affecting the entire site, based on C14 dated samples and stratigraphy, in the Augustan period, even if the main analogies for the building model are to be found in older sites in Transylvania, belonging to Hallstatt B2-C. A distinctive characteristic of the last fortification phase in Teliu Cetatea Mare was the reuse as secondary material incorporated in the core of the ramparts of a previously burnt structure of soil, stone and wood, perhaps a palisade. A radiocarbon dated sample may suggest a time in the 4th-3rd c. BC for this structure, but until additional analyses it remains just a hypothetical framing. A date anywhere between Hallstatt C and early 1st c. AD is still possible. The LIDAR data analysis and viewsheds have also disclosed the relations of the two fortified sites with the network of local ridge routes. In this regard, both sites are more relevant for a connection with Brașov Depression and the beginning of a road linking the area of Prejmer with the inner-mountain depression of Întorsura Buzăului. This road, through Pilișca peak, was still in use in the 19th c. before the opening of the main railway traffic through Teliu Valley, by inhabitants of Prejmer area going to their mountain pastures. In the same time, it appears that the two sites were related in different ways to this road (suggesting a difference in both chronology and function): Cetatea Mică was placed in a hidden position directly on a secondary pathway climbing to the main ridge route, while Cetatea Mare was adjacent to this road, occupying a dominant position for the entire Depression.

scholarly journals The history of scatter hoarding studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1542) ◽  
pp. 869-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Brodin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
The 1960S

In this review, I will present an overview of the development of the field of scatter hoarding studies. Scatter hoarding is a conspicuous behaviour and it has been observed by humans for a long time. Apart from an exceptional experimental study already published in 1720, it started with observational field studies of scatter hoarding birds in the 1940s. Driven by a general interest in birds, several ornithologists made large-scale studies of hoarding behaviour in species such as nutcrackers and boreal titmice. Scatter hoarding birds seem to remember caching locations accurately, and it was shown in the 1960s that successful retrieval is dependent on a specific part of the brain, the hippocampus. The study of scatter hoarding, spatial memory and the hippocampus has since then developed into a study system for evolutionary studies of spatial memory. In 1978, a game theoretical paper started the era of modern studies by establishing that a recovery advantage is necessary for individual hoarders for the evolution of a hoarding strategy. The same year, a combined theoretical and empirical study on scatter hoarding squirrels investigated how caches should be spaced out in order to minimize cache loss, a phenomenon sometimes called optimal cache density theory. Since then, the scatter hoarding paradigm has branched into a number of different fields: (i) theoretical and empirical studies of the evolution of hoarding, (ii) field studies with modern sampling methods, (iii) studies of the precise nature of the caching memory, (iv) a variety of studies of caching memory and its relationship to the hippocampus. Scatter hoarding has also been the subject of studies of (v) coevolution between scatter hoarding animals and the plants that are dispersed by these.

Concrete Monsters of the Welfare State: Discussions of Brutalist Architecture on Social Media

2021 ◽  
pp. 120633122110193
Author(s):  
Max Holleran
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Welfare State

Brutalist architecture is an object of fascination on social media that has taken on new popularity in recent years. This article, drawing on 3,000 social media posts in Russian and English, argues that the buildings stand out for their arresting scale and their association with the expanding state in the 1960s and 1970s. In both North Atlantic and Eastern European contexts, the aesthetic was employed in publicly financed urban planning projects, creating imposing concrete structures for universities, libraries, and government offices. While some online social media users associate the style with the overreach of both socialist and capitalist governments, others are more nostalgic. They use Brutalist buildings as a means to start conversations about welfare state goals of social housing, free university, and other services. They also lament that many municipal governments no longer have the capacity or vision to take on large-scale projects of reworking the built environment to meet contemporary challenges.

A Contemporary View of Salivary Research

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin D. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
The Past ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

The past 50 years of salivary research has been marked by a series of changing perceptions as new techniques and technologies have illuminated the complexities of the secretory mechanism, salivary composition, and function. The modem era began with the innovations of electrophoresis, chromatography, histochemistry, immunochemistry, electron microscopy, and microphysiology. The idea of saliva as primarily a digestive fluid composed of salts, amylase, and mucin was rapidly broadened to encompass a wide spectrum of protective proteins with the dual responsibility of protecting both hard and soft tissues. Characterization of the secretory IgA and nonimmunological antibacterial systems and the proteins responsible for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels dominated the research in the 1960s and 1970s. An appreciation of the nature, formation, and role of the salivary pellicle and the interplay between bacterial adherence and agglutination provided a clinical thrust. Morphologists and physiologists redefined the secretory process on a molecular level. The 1980s saw the union of structure and function, both in terms of synthesis and release of the secretory products and their specific roles in the oral cavity in health and disease. The excitement of the 1990s is in the genetic control of processes and products, elucidating the mechanisms, and using the information to improve on nature: an era of great expectations and hubris. This article is essentially a personal guided tour through the past 50 years of salivary research.

scholarly journals Dissenting Voices: Challenging the Colonial System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Maartje Janse ◽  
Anne-Lot Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S

This publication emerges from a process of co-creation in which historian Maartje Janse and research journalist Anne-Lot Hoek challenge the dominant national narrative about the colonial experience in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). In combining journalistic and academic writing with musical performance by musician Ernst Jansz they amplify the critical voices that have spoken out against colonial injustice and that have long been ignored in public and academic debate. Even though it is often suggested that the mindset of people in the past prevented them from seeing what was wrong with things we now find highly problematic, they argue that there was indeed a tradition of colonial criticism in the Netherlands, one that included the voices of many ‘forgotten critics’ whose lives and criticism are the subject of this publication. The voices however were for a long time overlooked by Dutch historians. The publication is organized around the biographies of several critics (whose lives Janse and Hoek have published on before), the historical debate afterwards and includes reflective videos and texts on the process of co-creation.Maartje Janse started the process by tracing the life history of an outspoken nineteenth-century critic of the colonial system in the Dutch East Indies, Willem Bosch. The authors argue that it was not self-evident how criticism of colonial injustices should be voiced and that Bosch experimented with different methods, including organizing one of the first Dutch pressure groups.The story of Willem Bosch inspired Ernst Jansz, a Dutch musician with Indo roots, to compose a song (‘De ballade van Sarina en Kromo’). It is an interpretation of an old Malaysian ‘krontjong’ song, that Jansz transformed into a protest song that reminds its listeners of protest songs of the 1960s and 1970s. Jansz, in his lyrics, adds an indigenous perspective to this project. He performed the song during the Voice4Thought festival in 2016, a gathering that aimed to reflect upon migration and mobility in current times. Filmmaker Sjoerd Sijsma made a video ‘pamplet’ in which the performance of Ernst Jansz, an interview with Maartje Janse, and historical images from the colonial period have been combined.Anne-Lot Hoek connected Willem Bosch to a series of twentieth-century anti-colonial critics such as Dutch Indies civil servant Siebe Lijftogt, Indonesian nationalists Sutan Sjahrir, Rachmad Koesoemobroto, Dutch writer Rudy Kousbroek and Indonesian activist Jeffry Pondaag. She argues that dissenting voices have been underrepresented in the post-war debates on colonialism and its legacy for decades, and that one of the main reasons is that the notion of the objective historian was not effectively problematized for a long time.http://dissentingvoices.bridginghumanities.com/

scholarly journals Karismatisk bergkrystall fra Ryfylkeheiane? Smykkestein som identitetsmarkør i yngre jernalder

Viking ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid J. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Rock Crystal ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Point Of Departure

In the 1960s and 1970s, large scale surveys related to hydro power developments in montane areas in Southwest Norway, recorded several rock crystals deposits and sites where crystals from these had been used both in the Stone Age and the Late Iron Age period. The Late Iron Age sites were interpreted as the first proof of locally produced rock crystal beads. In this article, I combine the production sites and rock crystal deposits to describe the operational chain of local bead production. This serves as the point of departure for a consideration of the value ascribed raw materials, local or regional vs. imported goods. I argue that symbolic aspects beyond economic value may have been the incentive for the local production, that is, qualities, such as rock crystals’ aesthetic, affective, or indeed charisma. Rock crystal beads from Late Iron Age graves in Rogaland are used as examples. 

Seneca

Philosophy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermanno Malaspina ◽  
Jula Wildberger ◽  
Veronica Revello
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Care Of The Self ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Long Time ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Outstanding Representative

The Stoic Seneca (b. c. 4 bce–d. 65 ce), mentor to Emperor Nero and one of the wealthiest men of his time, has been studied as the brilliant and enigmatic father of Silver Latin prose and, together with his nephew Lucan, as an outstanding representative of the rhetorical, gory baroque of 1st-century ce Latin poetry. The latter subject is covered in the parallel bibliography on Seneca’s tragedies; the present article is dedicated to Seneca as a philosopher. This very fact, that we now regard his philosophy as a research subject by itself, reflects a fundamental change in his reception. For a long time, the majority of scholars saw in Seneca a wielder of edifying words rather than a serious thinker, a moralizer and eclectic, who would not hesitate to mix disparate ingredients from competing schools into a hotchpotch of sparkling, sententious diatribe. At the beginning of the 20th century, those interested in philosophy mined his works for traces of his Greek models, the “real” philosophers whom they deemed worthy of study, in particular the Stoic Posidonius (b. c. 135–d. 51 bce). In the 1960s and 1970s, attention to Seneca himself increased significantly in anglophone scholarship. While Italian scholars have always insisted on an holistic approach, refusing to detach stylistic considerations from an analysis of conceptual content and never separating his political thought from his life as an active politician, scholars in Germany and France followed the lead of Paul Rabbow’s famous research on Seelenheilung (“psychotherapy”) and Seelenführung (“psychagogy”) and read Seneca as a spiritual guide. All these approaches continue to play an important role in international Seneca scholarship, but two recent tendencies deserve special attention. Inspired by Michel Foucault’s readings of Seneca as a representative of “the care of the self” in ancient philosophy, study of Senecan therapy and psychagogy has resulted in increasingly sophisticated explorations of what one might call his philosophy of authorship. What is more, considerable improvements in our understanding of Stoicism, Seneca’s professed school, have revealed his well-informed commitment to his predecessors. Against the more clearly defined backdrop of Hellenistic and Imperial Stoicism, it has also become easier to recognize and illustrate facets of Seneca’s originality, a work that is still ongoing or rather, one may dare say, has only just begun.

On Their Own Behalf

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mary J. Henold
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Feminist Movement ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Catholic Women ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter introduces the argument that Catholic laywomen expanded on the changes of Vatican II by exploring shifting understandings of gender on a large scale in the ten years following the Second Vatican Council. The historical record reveals a significant output of written material in these years, written by laywomen, and intended to probe unsettled questions about gender rising in those uncertain times. Despite the official church’s reluctance to reassess its teaching on gender roles, moderate and often non-feminist laywomen used ideas from the feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s to challenge accepted definitions of Catholic womanhood. In particular, Catholic women questioned the immutability of gender roles, and the accepted and wide-spread teaching of complementarity. They also challenged narrow conceptions of laywomen’s vocation, both spiritual and professional.

“Two Cities—One White, the Other Black”

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
Peter Irons
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Congress Of Racial Equality ◽  
Freedom Summer ◽  
White Resistance ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter looks at Black struggles for equal rights during the 1960s and 1970s, first assessing the impact of the Vietnam War on Blacks, with Muhammad Ali drawing the link between the war and the denial of civil rights to Blacks. The chapter looks closely at the sit-in movement that started in the 1940s and spread across the country, followed by convoys of buses in Freedom Rides marked by White mob violence, beatings, and hundreds of arrests. Activists from the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee launched a “Freedom Summer” campaign in 1964 to register Black voters in Deep South states; the fierce White resistance included the murders of more than twenty Black and White volunteers. The chapter then shifts focus to Detroit, as the city became progressively more Black with the flight of several hundred thousand Whites from city to suburbs. The racial segregation of Black children in Detroit schools, while the suburban schools were virtually all-White, led to an NAACP lawsuit that resulted in a judicial order for large-scale busing between Detroit and its suburbs. This case, Milliken v. Bradley, ended in 1974 with a 5–4 Supreme Court decision that banned busing across school district lines, with a passionate dissent by Justice Thurgood Marshall; that year also saw violent White resistance to a busing order in Boston.

The Improbable Permanence of a Commitment: America's Troop Presence in Europe during the Cold War

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War

This article elucidates a fundamental feature of transatlantic relations during the Cold War: the presence of more than 250,000 U.S. troops in Europe, mainly in West Germany, from 1952 through 1990. The article explains why this unprecedented commitment was extended for such a long time, despite intense domestic debates in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. Opposition to the troop commitment was particularly strong in Congress. The article shows that the long-term stationing of U.S. troops in Europe was more precarious than often assumed. The article also shows that the debates in the 1960s and 1970s were instrumental in establishing the acceptance of long-term military commitments abroad as a feature of U.S. global policy.

scholarly journals THE PRESERVATION OF LIVING RED BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO

1916 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Rous ◽  
J. R. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Function

In order to determine the availability for functional uses of red cells kept in vitro by our methods, transfusion experiments have been carried out with rabbits by which a large part of their blood was replaced with kept rabbit cells suspended in Locke's solution. It has been found that erythrocytes preserved in mixtures of blood, sodium citrate, saccharose, and water for 14 days, and used to replace normal blood, will remain in circulation and function so well that the animal shows no disturbance, and the blood count, hemoglobin, and percentage of reticulated red cells remain unvaried. Cells kept for longer periods, though intact and apparently unchanged when transfused, soon leave the circulation. Animals in which this disappearance of cells is taking place on a large scale, remain healthy save for the progressing anemia. The experiments prove that, in the exsanguinated rabbit at least, transfusions of cells kept for a long time in vitro may be used to replace the blood lost, and that when the cells have been kept too long but are still intact they are disposed of without harm. The indications are that kept human cells could be profitably employed in the same way.

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