scholarly journals Evaluation of vaccines against enteric infections: a clinical and public health research agenda for developing countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1579) ◽  
pp. 2799-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Vaccine Protection ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Research Questions

Enteric infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. To date, vaccines have played a limited role in public health efforts to control enteric infections. Licensed vaccines exist for cholera and typhoid, but these vaccines are used primarily for travellers; and there are two internationally licensed vaccines for rotavirus, but they are mainly used in affluent countries. The reasons that enteric vaccines are little used in developing countries are multiple, and certainly include financial and political constraints. Also important is the need for more cogent evidence on the performance of enteric vaccines in developing country populations. A partial inventory of research questions would include: (i) does the vaccine perform well in the most relevant settings? (ii) does the vaccine perform well in all epidemiologically relevant age groups? (iii) is there adequate evidence of vaccine safety once the vaccines have been deployed in developing countries? (iv) how effective is the vaccine when given in conjunction with non-vaccine cointerventions? (v) what is the level of vaccine protection against all relevant outcomes? and (vi) what is the expected population level of vaccine protection, including both direct and herd vaccine protective effects? Provision of evidence addressing these questions will help expand the use of enteric vaccines in developing countries.

scholarly journals Coproduction of Research Questions and Research Evidence in Public Health: The Study to Prevent Teen Drinking Parties

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wolfson ◽  
Kimberly G. Wagoner ◽  
Scott D. Rhodes ◽  
Kathleen L. Egan ◽  
Michael Sparks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Membership Organization ◽  
Community Trials

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) provides a set of principles and practices intended to foster coproduction of knowledge. However, CBPR often has shortcomings when applied to population-level policy and practice interventions, including a focus on single communities and a lack of focus on policy change. At the same time, community trials focused on policy have shortcomings, including lack of stakeholder involvement in framing research questions and modest engagement in study implementation and interpretation and dissemination of results. We describe an attempt to hybridize CBPR and community trials by creating a partnership that included a national membership organization, a coalition advisory board, intervention and delayed intervention communities, and an academic study team, which collaborated on a study of community strategies to prevent underage drinking parties. We use qualitative and quantitative data to critically assess the partnership. Areas where the partnership was effective included (1) identifying a research question with high public health significance, (2) enhancing the intervention, and (3) improving research methods. Challenges included community coalition representatives’ greater focus on their own communities rather than the production of broader scientific knowledge. This model can be applied in future attempts to narrow the gap between research, policy, and practice.

A Critical Research Agenda for Social Justice and Public Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 531-552
Author(s):  
Nancy Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Research Questions

Critical and creative work can and must be done to determine why injustice exists, including who gains and who loses and how it wreaks its woe, thereby generating knowledge for both rectifying harm and creating just and sustainable solutions. Critical research questions focus on: What is the evidence that social injustice harms health? What can be done to prevent this harm? There are four key reasons to develop a research agenda for social justice in public health: (1) ignorance forestalls action. (2) The “facts” never “speak for themselves.” (3) Specificity matters. (4) Research can exacerbate, and even generate, rather than help rectify social inequalities in health. This chapter discusses a proposal for a public health research agenda that advances issues of social justice and includes four components: theory, monitoring, etiology, and prevention. For each component, the author delineates broad principles and provides specific examples.

scholarly journals The effects of long-term physical activity interventions in communities: Scoping review in the Nordic countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110205
Author(s):  
Elsi H. Haverinen ◽  
Hanna M. Elonheimo ◽  
Hanna K. Tolonen ◽  
Pekka J. Jousilahti ◽  
Heini J.C. Wennman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Nordic Countries

Aims: Physical activity (PA) is an important part of maintaining good overall health. Currently, the number of insufficiently physically active adults and children is alarmingly high worldwide. To tackle the challenge, several interventions have been conducted, however, current knowledge on intervention effectiveness is still inconclusive. This scoping review aimed to summarize the effects of long-term PA interventions across all age groups in the Nordic countries. Methods: A scoping review was conducted by including all age groups and interventions lasting more than 12 months. The aims of the interventions had to focus on increasing PA and/or fitness. The Behaviour Change Wheel framework was used to describe components of the intervention functions. Results: Initially, 1937 studies were identified. Twelve intervention studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. From the included studies, seven focused on children and/or their parents and five on working-age adult populations. Most of the studies built on theoretical backgrounds and included several behaviour change functions. A hindering factor for synthesis was variation in measurement methods: both subjective and objective outcome measures were reported. Among all age groups, intervention effects on PA were modest. Conclusions: There was no clear evidence of increased PA or fitness from long-term interventions in communities. However, even small improvements in PA are important for increasing PA at a population level and enhancing public health. More research is required for evidence-based community and public health planning.

scholarly journals ESSE-RF study: epidemiology and public health promotion

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 2987
Author(s):  
A. V. Kontsevaya ◽  
S. A. Shalnova ◽  
O. M. Drapkina
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Related Risk

The largest population-based study in Russian modern history the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) for 8 years has become a platform for public health research and projects, relevant for the whole country. Results of the ESSE-RF study were used to identify Demography National Project parameters, to model mortality and morbidity risk at the population level, to estimate the economic burden of risk factors, to predict the economic effect of population prevention measures, to assess the feasibility of using novel biomarkers for risk stratification, as well as for external evaluation of health care system. Further, results can be used to develop a novel cardiovascular risk score, to analyze COVID-19-related risk factors, and to study health protection environment. Epidemiological studies ESSE-RF1 and ESSE-RF2 have already become a significant component of public health system in Russia, and taking into account the scope of the ESSE-RF3 study (30 regions), the role of epidemiology will increase.

scholarly journals Optimal strategies for combining vaccine prioritization and social distancing to reduce hospitalizations and mitigate COVID19 progression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Guerstein ◽  
Victoria Romeo-Aznar ◽  
Ma’ayan Dekel ◽  
Oren Miron ◽  
Nadav Davidovitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Social Distancing

AbstractSocial distancing is an effective population-level mitigation strategy to prevent COVID19 propagation but it does not reduce the number of susceptible individuals and bears severe economic and psychological consequences. A vaccine has recently been developed but its deployment will be limited and not immediate. Designing an optimal combination of these two intervention strategies is a priority, but a mechanistic understanding of the interplay between these strategies is missing. To tackle this challenge we developed an age-structured deterministic model in which vaccines are deployed during the pandemic to individuals who, in the eye of public health, are susceptible (do not show symptoms). The model allows for flexible and dynamic prioritization strategies with shifts between target groups. We find that social distancing applied uniformly to all ages and with vaccination targeted towards adults (20-59) or elderly (60+) work in synergism but up to a threshold beyond which vaccination is not efficient. The inefficiency threshold can be eliminated by targeting social distancing at the age groups that are not vaccinated and the optimal strategy is to prioritize vaccines to elderly. Nevertheless, while vaccination reduces hospitalizations, it does not affect the time it takes to eliminate the virus from the population, which is affected only by social distancing. Finally, the same reduction in hospitalization can be achieved via different combination of strategies, giving decision makers flexibility in choosing public health policies. Our study provides insights into the factors that affect vaccination success and provides methodology to test different intervention strategies in a way that will align with ethical guidelines.

An Overview of Ethics and Public Health Data Collection

2019 ◽  
pp. 313-319
Author(s):  
Holly A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Public Health Data ◽  
Research Questions

Collection of data is essential to the practice of public health. This chapter provides a brief introduction to ethics and public health data collection, as well as an overview of chapters in the related section of The Oxford Handbook on Public Health Ethics. A key ethics challenge has been, and will remain, how best to balance the health of the community with the respect owed to individual citizens. The four chapters in this section examine various aspects of those ethics challenges, including those related to the scope of public health surveillance activities, the distinction between public health practice and public health research, community-based participatory research (CBPR), and the use of big data to answer public health research questions.

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