scholarly journals Through what mechanisms do protected areas affect environmental and social outcomes?

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1681) ◽  
pp. 20140267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ferraro ◽  
Merlin M. Hanauer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

To develop effective protected area policies, scholars and practitioners must better understand the mechanisms through which protected areas affect social and environmental outcomes. With strong evidence about mechanisms, the key elements of success can be strengthened, and the key elements of failure can be eliminated or repaired. Unfortunately, empirical evidence about these mechanisms is limited, and little guidance for quantifying them exists. This essay assesses what mechanisms have been hypothesized, what empirical evidence exists for their relative contributions and what advances have been made in the past decade for estimating mechanism causal effects from non-experimental data. The essay concludes with a proposed agenda for building an evidence base about protected area mechanisms.

scholarly journals Three initial OSPAR tests of ecological coherence: heuristics in a data-limited situation

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1527-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff A. Ardron
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Northeast Atlantic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecological Coherence ◽  
Made In

Abstract Ardron, J. A. 2008. Three initial OSPAR tests of ecological coherence: heuristics in a data-limited situation. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1527–1533. As marine protected area (MPA) networks become established worldwide, it will be necessary to track the progress made in meeting the networks’ underlying ecological goals. The 12 coastal European nations of the OSPAR Convention have agreed to establish an “ecologically coherent” network of MPAs within the waters of the Northeast Atlantic by 2010. However, the meaning of ecological coherence has not been explicitly defined, and it has not been explained how it can be assessed. OSPAR’s work on this topic over the past 4 years is summarized here. As the 2010 deadline approaches, the urgency to assess ecological coherence increases. Proper scientific assessment is hampered by the current lack of detailed ecological data, and policy-makers are concerned that collecting data for indicators will tax already limited resources. Unconventional approaches that can make do with what little information is available are being developed, and three initial spatial tests are presented here. A personal perspective of lessons learnt is provided.

Unsafe law: health, rights and the legal response to HIV

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Weait
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Response ◽  
Health Rights

AbstractThis paper describes the ways in which, over the past three decades, law has come to serve as an obstacle in the fight against HIV, and how it contributes to the stigmatisation of, and discrimination against, people living with the virus. It argues that in order to make unsafe law safer, policy-makers, legislators and those responsible for the interpretation and enforcement of law must base their HIV response not on populist morality but on the strong evidence base provided by three decades of clinical, scientific and social research. Drawing on that research and the author's own involvement in policy development in this area, it suggests that rights-based arguments are, while important, insufficient as the basis for delivering the changes that are necessary, discusses the difficulties involved in achieving those changes, and argues that legal scholarship and research has an important role to play in HIV activism and combating the global epidemic.

scholarly journals Canadians’ perspectives on how much space nature needs

FACETS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela A. Wright ◽  
Farhad Moghimehfar ◽  
Alison Woodley
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conservation Targets ◽  
New Finding

Determining how much to set aside in a system of protected areas has been widely discussed. In the past, targets that have been set internationally and domestically are best described as politically driven. In recent years, there has been a call to shift towards evidence-based targets for conservation. One element that has been largely missing from this dialogue is public perception of how much to protect. We conducted an online, regionally balanced survey of just over 2000 Canadians to ask about their values for protected areas, including how much they thought was currently and should be protected. Overall, Canadians overwhelmingly agree that protected areas are necessary and think that approximately 50% of land and sea should be protected in Canada and globally. Nation-wide support for a significant increase in the amount of land/sea protected is a new finding in Canada, although consistent with applications of the same survey in other countries. As the timeline for achieving the current 2020 protected area targets approaches, countries are beginning to discuss what targets to set for the next decade. Our findings demonstrate strong public support for significantly scaling up Canada’s conservation targets, consistent with ecological evidence.

scholarly journals Marine protection targets: an updated assessment of global progress

Oryx ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Boonzaier ◽  
Daniel Pauly
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Past Century ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dimensional Measure ◽  
Marine Protection

AbstractDespite the considerable expansion in the number and extent of marine protected areas during the past century, coverage remains limited amid concerns that many marine protected areas are failing to meet their objectives. New estimates of global marine protected area, based on the database maintained by Sea Around Us, revealed a degree of progress towards protecting at least 10% of the global ocean by 2020. It is estimated that > 6,000 marine protected areas, covering c. 3.27% (12 million km2) of the oceans, had been designated by the end of 2013. However, protection is generally weak, with c. one-sixth (1.9 million km2) of the combined area designated as no-take areas (i.e. fishing and other extractive activities are prohibited). Additional large tracts of ocean will need to be protected to reach the 10% target, and we investigate hypothetical scenarios for such expansion. Such scenarios offer a one-dimensional measure of progress as they do not address aspects of other global targets, such as Aichi Target 11, which will help to ensure that marine protected areas meet their objectives and achieve conservation outcomes.

scholarly journals Role of interpretation in management: a case study of the protected area system in Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barna Bahadur Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Conservation Education ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Park Management ◽  
Study Questionnaire ◽  
Made In

Interpretation, as an educational activity along with enjoyment promised to increase awareness, appreciation and understanding of the protected areas. Though relatively new concept to Nepal it is widely used in western countries as a tool of park management. Closely related to environmental education or conservation education in our context it also helps to manage natural resources and human resources. This study describes the role of interpretation in park management examining the interpretation theory using Nepal as a case study. Questionnaire survey was used to obtain the data and the results indicate that there is strong relationship between interpretation and park management. All of the survey groups reported positive links with park management. This study identifies the problems existing and improvements to be made in the interpretive facilities, training and equipment in relation to protected area management in Nepal. Key words: Interpretation, Conservation education, parks and protected areas, park management, Nepal doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2154 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 40-44

scholarly journals Measuring the difference made by conservation initiatives: protected areas and their environmental and social impacts

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1681) ◽  
pp. 20140270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ferraro ◽  
Robert L. Pressey
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Difference

Success in conservation depends on our ability to reduce human pressures in areas that harbour biological diversity and ecosystem services. Legally protecting some of these areas through the creation of protected areas is a key component of conservation efforts globally. To develop effective protected area networks, practitioners need credible, scientific evidence about the degree to which protected areas affect environmental and social outcomes, and how these effects vary with context. Such evidence has been lacking, but the situation is changing as conservation scientists adopt more sophisticated research designs for evaluating protected areas' past impacts and for predicting their future impacts. Complementing these scientific advances, conservation funders and practitioners are paying increasing attention to evaluating their investments with more scientifically rigorous evaluation designs. This theme issue highlights recent advances in the science of protected area evaluations and explores the challenges to developing a more credible evidence base that can help societies achieve their goals of protecting nature while enhancing human welfare.

Socially Shared Regulation of Learning: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Panadero ◽  
Sanna Järvelä
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Optimal Form ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recorded Observation ◽  
Socially Shared Regulation

Abstract. Socially shared regulation of learning (SSRL) has been recognized as a new and growing field in the framework of self-regulated learning theory in the past decade. In the present review, we examine the empirical evidence to support such a phenomenon. A total of 17 articles addressing SSRL were identified, 13 of which presented empirical evidence. Through a narrative review it could be concluded that there is enough data to maintain the existence of SSRL in comparison to other social regulation (e.g., co-regulation). It was found that most of the SSRL research has focused on characterizing phenomena through the use of mixed methods through qualitative data, mostly video-recorded observation data. Also, SSRL seems to contribute to students’ performance. Finally, the article discusses the need for the field to move forward, exploring the best conditions to promote SSRL, clarifying whether SSRL is always the optimal form of collaboration, and identifying more aspects of groups’ characteristics.

South Asian Developmental Crisis (Review Article)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Rafiq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Integrated Theory ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

Like nations and civilizations, sciences also pass through period of crises when established theories are overthrown by the unpredictable behaviour of events. Economics is passing through such a crisis. The challenge thrown by the Great Depression of early 1930s took a decade before Keynes re-established the supremacy of economics. But this supremacy has again been upset by the crisis of poverty in the vast under-developed world which attained political independence after the Second World War. Poverty had always existed but never before had it been of such concern to economists as during the past twenty five years or so. Economic literature dealing with this problem has piled up but so have the agonies of poverty. No plausible and well-integrated theory of economic development or under-development has emerged so far, though brilliant advances have been made in isolated directions.

New data on aphyllophoraceous fungi (Basidiomycota) of the protected areas of the Leningrad Region. X. State Nature Reserve «Kurgalsky»

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Kotkova
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
State Nature Reserve ◽  
X State ◽  
First Time ◽  
Aphyllophoroid Fungi ◽  
State Nature

The paper provides the data on aphyllophoroid fungi of the State Nature Reserve «Kurgalsky» situated in the Kingisepp District of the Leningrad Region. The list includes 285 species annotated by data on their habitats, substrates and frequency. In total 25 species protected in the Leningrad Region and 3 species protected in Russian Federation were found in the protected area. Chaetodermella luna, Phlebia subochracea and Trechispora stevensonii are published for the first time for the Leningrad Region. The specimens of selected species are kept in the Mycological Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (LE).

Mass Spectrometry Techniques: Principles and Practices for Quantitative Proteomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco J. Rotello ◽  
Timothy D. Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Quantitative Proteomics ◽  
Protein Identification ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proteome Level ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Made In

: In the current omics-age of research, major developments have been made in technologies that attempt to survey the entire repertoire of genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites present within a cell. While genomics has led to a dramatic increase in our understanding of such things as disease morphology and how organisms respond to medications, it is critical to obtain information at the proteome level since proteins carry out most of the functions within the cell. The primary tool for obtaining proteome-wide information on proteins within the cell is mass spectrometry (MS). While it has historically been associated with the protein identification, developments over the past couple of decades have made MS a robust technology for protein quantitation as well. Identifying quantitative changes in proteomes is complicated by its dynamic nature and the inability of any technique to guarantee complete coverage of every protein within a proteome sample. Fortunately, the combined development of sample preparation and MS methods have made it capable to quantitatively compare many thousands of proteins obtained from cells and organisms.

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