scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary consequences of metabolic rate plasticity in response to environmental change

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1768) ◽  
pp. 20180180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Norin ◽  
Neil B. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Organ Tissue ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Response To Environmental Change

Basal or standard metabolic rate reflects the minimum amount of energy required to maintain body processes, while the maximum metabolic rate sets the ceiling for aerobic work. There is typically up to three-fold intraspecific variation in both minimal and maximal rates of metabolism, even after controlling for size, sex and age; these differences are consistent over time within a given context, but both minimal and maximal metabolic rates are plastic and can vary in response to changing environments. Here we explore the causes of intraspecific and phenotypic variation at the organ, tissue and mitochondrial levels. We highlight the growing evidence that individuals differ predictably in the flexibility of their metabolic rates and in the extent to which they can suppress minimal metabolism when food is limiting but increase the capacity for aerobic metabolism when a high work rate is beneficial. It is unclear why this intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility persists—possibly because of trade-offs with the flexibility of other traits—but it has consequences for the ability of populations to respond to a changing world. It is clear that metabolic rates are targets of selection, but more research is needed on the fitness consequences of rates of metabolism and their plasticity at different life stages, especially in natural conditions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change’.

scholarly journals Metabolic traits in brown trout (Salmo trutta) vary in response to food restriction and intrinsic factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise C Archer ◽  
Stephen A Hutton ◽  
Luke Harman ◽  
W Russell Poole ◽  
Patrick Gargan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Metabolic Traits ◽  
Food Conditions

Abstract Metabolic rates vary hugely within and between populations, yet we know relatively little about factors causing intraspecific variation. Since metabolic rate determines the energetic cost of life, uncovering these sources of variation is important to understand and forecast responses to environmental change. Moreover, few studies have examined factors causing intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility. We explore how extrinsic environmental conditions and intrinsic factors contribute to variation in metabolic traits in brown trout, an iconic and polymorphic species that is threatened across much of its native range. We measured metabolic traits in offspring from two wild populations that naturally show life-history variation in migratory tactics (one anadromous, i.e. sea-migratory, one non-anadromous) that we reared under either optimal food or experimental conditions of long-term food restriction (lasting between 7 and 17 months). Both populations showed decreased standard metabolic rates (SMR—baseline energy requirements) under low food conditions. The anadromous population had higher maximum metabolic rate (MMR) than the non-anadromous population, and marginally higher SMR. The MMR difference was greater than SMR and consequently aerobic scope (AS) was higher in the anadromous population. MMR and AS were both higher in males than females. The anadromous population also had higher AS under low food compared to optimal food conditions, consistent with population-specific effects of food restriction on AS. Our results suggest different components of metabolic rate can vary in their response to environmental conditions, and according to intrinsic (population-background/sex) effects. Populations might further differ in their flexibility of metabolic traits, potentially due to intrinsic factors related to life history (e.g. migratory tactics). More comparisons of populations/individuals with divergent life histories will help to reveal this. Overall, our study suggests that incorporating an understanding of metabolic trait variation and flexibility and linking this to life history and demography will improve our ability to conserve populations experiencing global change.

scholarly journals Continuing the debate on the role of Quaternary environmental change for macroevolution

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1442) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Species Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dna Characterization ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Response To Environmental Change

The Quaternary has been a period of dramatic environmental change for the past 1.8 Myr, with major shifts in distributions and abundances of terrestrial and marine organisms. The evolutionary consequences of this have been debated since the nineteenth century. However, the lack of accurate relative and absolute time–scales for evolutions and environmental change inhibited progress. We do now have an understanding of time–scales. Palaeoecology has demonstrated the individualistic nature of species' response to environmental change, but lacks a means of determining ancestry. DNA characterization of modern populations in relation to their distributions nicely complements palaeoecological results by contributing ancestry. The chance to understand how species originate and the causal factors of speciation (environmental change or otherwise) may be within reach.

Physiological basis of metabolic trade-offs between growth and performance among different strains of rainbow trout

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1493-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allen ◽  
Jordan Rosenfeld ◽  
Jeffrey Richards
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Trade Offs

Adaptive trade-offs define the trait combinations that differentiate taxa and allow coexistence along environmental gradients. To understand the physiological trade-offs associated with growth, we examined relationships among metabolic rate, digestive capacity, tissue energy content, and growth in juveniles of three strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that differ in growth. Fish were reared under satiation, 1% of body mass per day, and complete food deprivation treatments to assess differences in performance and adaptive trade-offs along a gradient of resource availability. The fast-growing hatchery strain had higher standard metabolic rate (SMR), lower aerobic scope, and potentially lower maximum metabolic rates, suggesting that high growth trades off against a reduced capacity to do metabolic work. Trout with high growth rates also generally had larger gastrointestinal tracts, maximum food consumption, and growth efficiency. Results demonstrate (i) higher SMR of fast growers appears to be related to a greater investment in high-maintenance digestive tissue that supports rapid growth; (ii) growth appears to trade off against active metabolism; and (iii) selection on growth involves a suite of integrated physiological and anatomical traits that are affected by both genotype and environment (ration).

Standard metabolic rate and preferred body temperatures in some Australian pythons

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin S. Bedford ◽  
Keith A. Christian
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Preferred Body Temperature

Pythons have standard metabolic rates and preferred body temperatures that are lower than those of most other reptiles. This study investigated metabolic rates and preferred body temperatures of seven taxa of Australian pythons. We found that Australian pythons have particularly low metabolic rates when compared with other boid snakes, and that the metabolic rates of the pythons did not change either seasonally or on a daily cycle. Preferred body temperatures do vary seasonally in some species but not in others. Across all species and seasons, the preferred body temperature range was only 4.9˚C. The thermal sensitivity (Q10) of oxygen consumption by pythons conformed to the established range of between 2 and 3. Allometric equations for the pooled python data at each of the experimental temperatures gave an equation exponent of 0.72–0.76, which is similar to previously reported values. By having low preferred body temperatures and low metabolic rates, pythons appear to be able to conserve energy while still maintaining a vigilant ‘sit and wait’ predatory existence. These physiological attributes would allow pythons to maximise the time they can spend ‘sitting and waiting’ in the pursuit of prey.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Acute Temperature Change and Elevated pCO2 on the Metabolic Rates and Hypoxia Tolerances of Clearnose Skate (Rostaraja eglanteria), Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), and Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata)

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schwieterman ◽  
Crear ◽  
Anderson ◽  
Lavoie ◽  
Sulikowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Summer Flounder ◽  
Paralichthys Dentatus ◽  
Clearnose Skate ◽  
Species Specific

Understanding how rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and hypoxia affect the performance of coastal fishes is essential to predicting species-specific responses to climate change. Although a population’s habitat influences physiological performance, little work has explicitly examined the multi-stressor responses of species from habitats differing in natural variability. Here, clearnose skate (Rostaraja eglanteria) and summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) from mid-Atlantic estuaries, and thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) from the Gulf of Maine, were acutely exposed to current and projected temperatures (20, 24, or 28 °C; 22 or 30 °C; and 9, 13, or 15 °C, respectively) and acidification conditions (pH 7.8 or 7.4). We tested metabolic rates and hypoxia tolerance using intermittent-flow respirometry. All three species exhibited increases in standard metabolic rate under an 8 °C temperature increase (Q10 of 1.71, 1.07, and 2.56, respectively), although this was most pronounced in the thorny skate. At the lowest test temperature and under the low pH treatment, all three species exhibited significant increases in standard metabolic rate (44–105%; p < 0.05) and decreases in hypoxia tolerance (60–84% increases in critical oxygen pressure; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the interactive effects of increasing temperature and changing ocean carbonate chemistry are species-specific, the implications of which should be considered within the context of habitat.

scholarly journals Climate change in fish: effects of respiratory constraints on optimal life history and behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 20141032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Holt ◽  
Christian Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Trade

The difference between maximum metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate is referred to as aerobic scope, and because it constrains performance it is suggested to constitute a key limiting process prescribing how fish may cope with or adapt to climate warming. We use an evolutionary bioenergetics model for Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) to predict optimal life histories and behaviours at different temperatures. The model assumes common trade-offs and predicts that optimal temperatures for growth and fitness lie below that for aerobic scope; aerobic scope is thus a poor predictor of fitness at high temperatures. Initially, warming expands aerobic scope, allowing for faster growth and increased reproduction. Beyond the optimal temperature for fitness, increased metabolic requirements intensify foraging and reduce survival; oxygen budgeting conflicts thus constrain successful completion of the life cycle. The model illustrates how physiological adaptations are part of a suite of traits that have coevolved.

scholarly journals Components of standard metabolic rate variability in three species of gammarids

Web Ecology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Shokri ◽  
Mario Ciotti ◽  
Fabio Vignes ◽  
Vojsava Gjoni ◽  
Alberto Basset
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Individual Level

Abstract. Standard metabolic rate is a major functional trait with large inter-individual variability in many groups of aquatic species. Here we present results of an experimental study to address variation in standard metabolic rates, over different scales of organisation and environments, within a specific group of aquatic macro-invertebrates (i.e. gammarid amphipods) that represent the primary consumers in detritus food webs. The study was carried out using flow-through microrespirometric techniques on male specimens of three gammarid species from freshwater, transitional water and marine ecosystems. We examined individual metabolic rate variations at three scales: (1) at the individual level, during an 8 h period of daylight; (2) at the within-population level, along body-size and body-condition gradients; (3) at the interspecific level, across species occurring in the field in the three different categories of aquatic ecosystems, from freshwater to marine. We show that standard metabolic rates vary significantly at all three scales examined, with the highest variation observed at the within-population level. Variation in individual standard metabolic rates during the daylight hours was generally low (coefficient of variation, CV<10 %) and unrelated to time. The average within-population CV ranged between 30.0 % and 35.0 %, with body size representing a significant source of overall inter-individual variation in the three species and individual body condition exerting only a marginal influence. In all species, the allometric equations were not as steep as would be expected from the 3∕4 power law, with significant variation in mass-specific metabolic rates among populations. The population from the transitional water ecosystem had the highest mass-specific metabolic rates and the lowest within-population variation. In the gammarid species studied here, body-size-independent variations in standard individual metabolic rates were higher than those explained by allometric body size scaling, and the costs of adaptation to short-term periodic variations in water salinity in the studied ecosystems also seemed to represent a major source of variation.

scholarly journals Diet mediates thermal performance traits: implications for marine ectotherms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Hardison ◽  
Krista Kraskura ◽  
Jacey Van Wert ◽  
Tina Nguyen ◽  
Erika J. Eliason
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Sprint Speed ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thermal acclimation is a key process enabling ectotherms to cope with temperature change. To undergo a successful acclimation response, ectotherms require energy and nutritional building blocks obtained from their diet. However, diet is often overlooked as a factor that can alter acclimation responses. Using a temperate omnivorous fish, opaleye (Girella nigricans), as a model system, we tested the hypotheses that 1) diet can impact the magnitude of thermal acclimation responses and 2) traits vary in their sensitivity to both temperature acclimation and diet. We fed opaleye a simple omnivorous diet (ad libitum Artemia sp. and Ulva sp.) or a carnivorous diet (ad libitum Artemia sp.) at two ecologically relevant temperatures (12 and 20°C) and measured a suite of whole animal (growth, sprint speed, metabolism), organ (cardiac thermal tolerance), and cellular-level traits (oxidative stress, glycolytic capacity). When opaleye were offered two diet options compared to one, they had reduced cardiovascular thermal performance and higher standard metabolic rate under conditions representative of the maximal seasonal temperature the population experiences (20°C). Further, sprint speed and absolute aerobic scope were insensitive to diet and temperature, while growth was highly sensitive to temperature but not diet, and standard metabolic rate and maximum heart rate were sensitive to both diet and temperature. Our results reveal that diet influences thermal performance in trait-specific ways, which could create diet trade-offs for generalist ectotherms living in thermally variable environments. Ectotherms that alter their diet may be able to regulate their performance at different environmental temperatures.

scholarly journals Short-term captivity influences maximal cold-induced metabolic rates and their repeatability in summer-acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Swanson ◽  
Marisa O. King
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Phenotypic Flexibility ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Metabolic Variation

Abstract Studies of metabolic variation in birds have involved both wild and captive individuals, but few studies have investigated whether captivity directly influences metabolic rates, despite such variation potentially confounding conclusions regarding how metabolic rates respond to the conditions under study. In addition, whether short-term captivity influences metabolic rate repeatability in birds is currently uninvestigated. In this study, we measured Msum (maximal cold-induced metabolic rates) in summer acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis directly after capture from wild populations, after approximately 2 weeks of indoor captivity (Captive 1), and again after an additional 1–2 weeks of captivity (Captive 2). Msum increased significantly (16.9%) following the initial captive period, but remained stable thereafter. Body mass (Mb) also increased significantly (9.2%) during the initial captive period but remained stable thereafter, suggesting that muscle growth and/or remodeling of body composition produced the observed metabolic variation. Mb and Msum were not significantly repeatable between wild and Captive 1 birds, but were significantly repeatable between Captive 1 and Captive 2 groups. These data suggest that caution must be exercised when extrapolating metabolic rates from short-term captive to wild populations. In addition, Msum was a repeatable trait for birds under conditions where mean metabolic rates remained stable, but Msum repeatability disappeared during acclimation to conditions promoting phenotypically flexible metabolic responses. This suggests that the capacity for phenotypic flexibility varies among individuals, and such variation could have fitness consequences.

Metabolic Rates and Critical Swimming Speeds of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Relation to Size and Temperature

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett ◽  
N. R. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Supplementary Data ◽  
B Values ◽  
Active Metabolism ◽  
Standard Metabolism

Ten years research on metabolic rates and swimming speeds of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) ranging in weight from 2 to 2000 g, at temperatures from 2 to 24 C, is reviewed and summarized. Analysis of weight–slope relations (b values) at three temperatures, using log–log transformations, provided an overall mean of 0.88 for standard metabolism and 0.99 for active metabolism. A previously determined semilog equation for temperature effect on standard metabolic rate (at approximately 50 g) was supported by supplementary data at 2 C. Predictive graphic models in the form of isopleths of metabolic rates and critical swimming speeds in relation to weight, length, and temperature are depicted. These provide a composite presentation useful in estimating the metabolic rate and maximum sustained speed for any size and temperature.

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