scholarly journals Kobieta i jej rola w historii zbawienia według Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego

Vox Patrum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Stanisław Łucarz
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Clement Of Alexandria ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The article focuses on the notion of femaleness and its role in the history of salvation in the works of Clement of Alexandria. Although these are not the central themes of his considerations, he reflects on this subject against the back­ground of his magnificent vision of the incarnation of the divine Logos. The be­getting or generating of Logos by Father is the first stage of the incarnation, which is followed by the next stages: the creation of the world and of human beings, the revelation in the Old Testament and – although not directly – in the Greek philosophy. The last stage is the incarnation in Jesus Christ. All this leads towards the divinization and the unity in God. Femaleness in Clement’s work should be considered as a part of cosmic dimensions. For him, men and women are substan­tially – i.e. on the level of their souls – equal, hence in the spiritual and intellectual dimension both sexes are vested with identical dignity and enjoy equal rights. The differences between sexes are located in the body and affect various aspects of human life, mostly biological and reproductive ones, not to mention the family, community and religious reality. In practice, it is the woman who is subordinated to man due to the fact, as Clement holds, that the female body is weaker than the male one, more subjugated to passivity, less perfect and more susceptible to pas­sions. For that reason, on the way to salvation, it is the man who is the head of the woman. However, it is not an absolute subjection. If the woman goes on the way to salvation (a Christian woman), and the man does not, the Lord is the head of the woman (the divine Logos, whom she follows). All these differences resulting from the possession of a body are eliminated in eschatology, in which will be the total equality. On that way to the eschatological fulfillment, the divine Logos is indispensable. He incarnates himself and comes to the world through a woman. He chooses what is weaker in order to reveal His power. This way it is a woman, and not a man, who first experiences His divinizing closeness and action.

scholarly journals Humans created God in their image? An anthropomorphic projectionism in the Old Testament

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndikho Mtshiselwa ◽  
Lerato Mokoena
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The World ◽  
Genesis 1 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Old Testament Studies

The Old Testament projects not only a Deity that created the world and human beings but also one that is violent and male. The debate on the depiction of the God of Israel that is violent and male is far from being exhausted in Old Testament studies. Thus, the main question posed in this article is: If re-read as ‘Humans created God in their image’, would Genesis 1:27 account for the portrayal of a Deity that is male and violent? Feuerbach’s idea of anthropomorphic projectionism and Guthrie’s view of religion as anthropomorphism come to mind here. This article therefore examines, firstly, human conceptualisation of a divine being within the framework of the theory of anthropomorphic projectionism. Because many a theologian and philosopher would deny that God is a being at all, we further investigate whether the God of Israel was a theological and social construction during the history of ancient Israel. In the end, we conclude, based on the theory of anthropomorphic projectionism, that the idea that the God of Israel was a theological and social construct accounts for the depiction of a Deity that is male and violent in the Old Testament.

The Sphere of the Human

2019 ◽  
pp. 267-322
Author(s):  
Helmuth Plessner ◽  
J. M. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Psychological Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Way

“Centric positionality” is a form of organism-environment relation exhibited by animal forms of life. Human life is characterized not only by centric but also by excentric positionality—that is, the ability to take a position beyond the boundary of one’s own body. Excentric positionality is manifest in: the inner, psychological experience of human beings; the outer, physical being of their bodies and behavior; and the shared, intersubjective world that includes other human beings and is the basis of culture. In each of these three worlds, there is a duality symptomatic of excentric positionality. Three laws characterize excentric positionality: natural artificiality, or the natural need of humans for artificial supplements; mediated immediacy, or the way that contact with the world in human activity, experience, and expression is both transcendent and immanent, both putting humans directly in touch with things and keeping them at a distance; and the utopian standpoint, according to which humans can always take a critical or “negative” position regarding the contents of their experience or their life.

scholarly journals Escritura de mujeres, escritura de las diferencias

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gargallo
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Women's Writing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Narrative Poetry ◽  
Literatura Latinoamericana ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Resumen: Se rastrea la historia contemporánea de la literaturalatinoamericana escrita por mujeres, mostrando temáticas queprofundizan en la diferencia sexual y sus consecuencias parala escritura. Se exploran las consecuencias para la narrativa yla poética de las autoras, de temas como la eroticidad femeninay la especificidad del cuerpo de la mujer, y el lugar que ésteocupa en las historias familiar, nacional y continental. Seindaga asimismo sobre las formas en las cuales sus narracionescontribuyeron al meta-relato del patriarcado latinoamericano.A la vez, en este trabajo se registran las huellas dejadas en lanarrativa y la poética de estas autoras por las resistenciasfemeninas frente al orden patriarcal.Palabras clave: Escritura de mujeres, Diferencia sexual, Feminismo,Literatura latinoamericana, Narrativa, PoéticaAbstract: The contemporary history of Latin American literaturewritten by women is traced, showing the themes that delve intosexual difference and its consequences for writing. Theconsequences of feminine eroticism and the specificity ofwomen’s bodies for the writers’ narratives and poetry areexplored, as well as the place the body occupies in the family,national and continental histories. The way in which theirnarratives contributed to the meta-story of Latin Americanpatriarchy is taken into account. At the same time, this paperrecords the imprints feminine resistance to the patriarchal orderleaves in these authors’ narrative and poetic work.Key words: Women’s writing, sexual difference, feminism,Latina American literatura, narrative, poetry

Metaphysics of movement

2021 ◽  
pp. 598-608
Author(s):  
Gr.G. Khubulava
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bodily Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Mind

Relevance. Movement surrounds and accompanies us everywhere: planets move, time, river waters, the life of cities is accompanied by traffic along highways. Our own life is also inseparable from the phenomenon of movement, both at the micro and macro levels: whether it be the movement and division of atoms of matter and cells of the body, the movement and interaction of our bodies in space, or the movement of a person towards a specific goal, conditioned by intention and expressed in actions, which in themselves are also a movement of the will. Purpose: to describe and evaluate the nature of the phenomenon of movement both in the history of philosophy (from Zeno to Descartes and Bergson) and in the history of medicine (from Aristotle and Celsus to modern mechanisms that give a person a chance to return the possibility of movement as an aspect of full life). Methods: the research method is not only the analysis of the development of the phenomenon of movement in the history of philosophy and science, but also the analysis of the influence of modern technologies on the very understanding of the nature of movement not as a physiological, but as an ontological phenomenon. Results. The ancient idea of movement as a deception of the senses, describing the closed on itself the existence of an objectively motionless space or being the source and cause of eternally arising and disintegrating existence, was an attempt by thinkers to “catch the mind on being”, not just creating a picture of a single cosmos, but also comprehending him as part of the human world. The bodily movement and structure of a person was understood as part of the visible and speculative structure of being. The thought of the Middle Ages, which understood movement as the path of the world and man to God, perceived the phenomenon of movement as an expression of free will and, at the same time, the desire of the world to its completion, which is at the same time the moment of its transformation. The Renaissance epoch, which proclaimed man as an end in itself for existence, closely links the physical movement of man with the movement of the cosmos, and considers the visible nature to be the source of knowledge of the Divine Will. The New Time, which theoretically separated the mechanics of the bodily and the impulses of the soul and mind and declared man a “biological machine”, in fact does not break the relationship between the movement of the soul and the body, but, demonstrating the difference in the nature of these movements, anticipated the discovery of psychosomatics. Finally, modern times not only created a classification of “body techniques” inherent in various stages of human life and groups of people, describing the socio-cultural aspect of corporeality, but also perceived movement as an act of our existence and involvement in the existence of the world. Conclusion. Movement cannot be understood as a purely physiological act. In the process of growth, becoming, having barely learned to walk, we are faced with the need to perform actions, to “behave”, to be like a personal I and as a part of the moving world that collided with us. A world in which every step is an event and deed capable of defining “the landscape of our personal and universal being”.

Pilgrimage as Moral and Aesthetic Formation in Augustine’s Thought

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Stewart-Kroeker
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
The World ◽  
Return Journey ◽  
Human Desire ◽  
Embodied Practice ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Augustine’s dominant image for the human life is peregrinatio, which signifies at once a journey to the homeland—a pilgrimage—and the condition of exile from the homeland. For Augustine, all human beings are, in the earthly life, exiles from their true homeland: heaven. Only some become pilgrims seeking a way back to the heavenly homeland, a return mediated by the incarnate Christ. Becoming a pilgrim begins with attraction to beauty. The return journey therefore involves formation, both moral and aesthetic, in loving rightly. This image has occasioned a lot of angst in ethical thought in the last century or so. Augustine’s vision of Christian life as a pilgrimage, his critics allege, casts a pall of groaning and longing over this life in favor of happiness in the next. Augustine’s eschatological orientation robs the world of beauty and ethics of urgency. In this book, Stewart-Kroeker sets out to elaborate Augustine’s understanding of moral and aesthetic formation via the pilgrimage image, which she argues reflects a Christological continuity between the earthly journey and the eschatological home that unites love of God and neighbor. From the human desire for beauty to the embodied practice of Christian sacraments, Stewart-Kroeker reveals the integrity of Augustine’s vision of moral and aesthetic formation, which is essentially the ordering of love. Along the way, Stewart-Kroeker develops an Augustinian account of the relationship between beauty and morality.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF CHARACTER EDUCATION TO IMPROVE THE MORAL OF THE NATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Astriani Lestari ◽  
Agus Miftakus Surur
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Shared Awareness ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Good Environment

It has become a shared awareness that the world of education is a way that has been done by human beings throughout their lives to become a means of transmitting and transformation of both values ​​and science. Thus the strategic world of education as a means of transmission and transformation of values ​​and knowledge, so in order to instill and develop the character of this nation, it cannot be separated from the role played by the world of education. Character education is important for human life, so the role played by the education world must not only show moral knowledge, but also love and be willing to act morally. In addition to education in schools, of course education in the family becomes the most important thing in instilling character education in children. The environment is also very supportive of that, so in addition to the family, school and also a good environment will also be embedded in good character for children.With so life becomes a child who has good character who will be the successor to a nation that has high character.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Permasalahan Teodise Kitab Ayub dan Relevansinya terhadap Penderita HIV/AIDS

MELINTAS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-369
Author(s):  
Emanuel Djogo
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
The World ◽  
Mystery Of God ◽  
Hiv Aids

Suffering is not by any means a new phenomenon for human beings. Human and suffering are of one reality in life throughout the world. In the light of religious views, the phenomenon of suffering inexplicitly affirms the position of God as central within human life. Job’s suffering in the Christian Scriptures was narrated to contradict directly the ancient laws of retribution in the Old Testament tradition. The Author of the Book of Job seems to insinuate that suffering is not so much an effect of sin as a mystery of God. God is not the cause of suffering. Job’s misfortune draws the attention of his friends who speak in line with the tradition that it is caused by his own sinfulness and to which God has rightly vindicated. Their discussions on sin and suffering did not reach an agreement, however, to the point that eventually God must conclude the debate. The issue of unresolved suffering could properly be related to the distressed victims of HIV/AIDS. This association is intended to recommend the appropriate disposition and approaches to individuals with HIV/AIDS and those who are considered ‘victims’ of the illness, since they have been infected indirectly.

scholarly journals Extracting al-Razi’s Quranic Notion on Epidemic from His Magnum Opus Mafatih al-Ghayb

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Robiatul Adawiyah Mohd ◽  
Ahmad Sanusi Azmi ◽  
Norzulaili Mohd Ghazali ◽  
Hishomudin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Holistic Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

The COVID-19 pandemic that struck the world has changed the landscape of human life post-21st century. The existence of such epidemic diseases has also been recorded in the world history of human civilization. Interestingly, the Quran, which was revealed fifteen centuries ago, also touches on the issue of pandemic or epidemic diseases that occurred to the previous generations and provides a reminder for the future generations. The Quran explains that epidemic diseases are one of the forms of worldly azab or punishment sent by Allah as a reminder of the damage and tyranny committed by human beings. The interpretation of epidemic diseases in the Quran has been parsed by a famous exegesis scholar, Imam al-Razi in his magnum opus, The Exegesis of Mafatih al-Ghayb. His masterpiece has brought a new dimension in understanding epidemic diseases through the combination of naqli and aqli approaches.  Nonetheless, the collection of epidemic  verses in The Exegesis of Mafatih al-Ghayb has been less frequently discussed. Therefore, this paper presents a study that identified and analyzed the verses related to epidemic diseases based on the views of Imam al-Razi. This study employed the qualitative method based on the text analysis approach using the Quran and The Exegesis of Mafatih al-Ghayb. This study found that the words rijz, rijs, and azab are synonymous with epidemics. These three words have certain characteristics that lead to the spread of the epidemic as stated by Imam al-Razi. Additionally, there are several holistic approaches stated by al-Razi in understanding epidemics and how to avoid them at present time and in the future. This approach needs to be understood by every layer of the society in order for the message of the Quran on epidemic diseases to be understood well and to curb the spread of epidemics.

Metaphysics of movement

2021 ◽  
pp. 681-694
Author(s):  
Gr.G. Khubulava
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bodily Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Mind

Relevance. Movement surrounds and accompanies us everywhere: planets move, time, river waters, the life of cities is accompanied by traffic along highways. Our own life is also inseparable from the phenomenon of movement, both at the micro and macro levels: whether it be the movement and division of atoms of matter and cells of the body, the movement and interaction of our bodies in space, or the movement of a person towards a specific goal, conditioned by intention and expressed in actions, which in themselves are also a movement of the will. Purpose: to describe and evaluate the nature of the phenomenon of movement both in the history of philosophy (from Zeno to Descartes and Bergson) and in the history of medicine (from Aristotle and Celsus to modern mechanisms that give a person a chance to return the possibility of movement as an aspect of full life). Methods: the research method is not only the analysis of the development of the phenomenon of movement in the history of philosophy and science, but also the analysis of the influence of modern technologies on the very understanding of the nature of movement not as a physiological, but as an ontological phenomenon. Results. The ancient idea of movement as a deception of the senses, describing the closed on itself the existence of an objectively motionless space or being the source and cause of eternally arising and disintegrating existence, was an attempt by thinkers to “catch the mind on being”, not just creating a picture of a single cosmos, but also comprehending him as part of the human world. The bodily movement and structure of a person was understood as part of the visible and speculative structure of being. The thought of the Middle Ages, which understood movement as the path of the world and man to God, perceived the phenomenon of movement as an expression of free will and, at the same time, the desire of the world to its completion, which is at the same time the moment of its transformation. The Renaissance epoch, which proclaimed man as an end in itself for existence, closely links the physical movement of man with the movement of the cosmos, and considers the visible nature to be the source of knowledge of the Divine Will. The New Time, which theoretically separated the mechanics of the bodily and the impulses of the soul and mind and declared man a “biological machine”, in fact does not break the relationship between the movement of the soul and the body, but, demonstrating the difference in the nature of these movements, anticipated the discovery of psychosomatics. Finally, modern times not only created a classification of “body techniques” inherent in various stages of human life and groups of people, describing the socio-cultural aspect of corporeality, but also perceived movement as an act of our existence and involvement in the existence of the world. Conclusion. Movement cannot be understood as a purely physiological act. In the process of growth, becoming, having barely learned to walk, we are faced with the need to perform actions, to “behave”, to be like a personal I and as a part of the moving world that collided with us. A world in which every step is an event and deed capable of defining “the landscape of our personal and universal being”.

An ayurvedic tablet formulation for ulcer protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Shiva Kumar K ◽  
Purushothaman M ◽  
Soujanya H ◽  
Jagadeeshwari S
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
System A ◽  
The World

Gastric ulcers or the peptic ulcer is the primary disease that affects the gastrointestinal system. A large extent of the population in the world are suffering from the disease, and the age group of people those who suffer from ulcers are 20-55years. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs. Practitioners have been using the herbal material to treat the ulcers successfully, and the same had been reported scientifically. Numerous publications have been made that proves the antiulcer activity of the plants around the world. The tablets were investigated for the antiulcer activity in two doses 200 and 400mg/kg in albino Wistar rats in the artificial ulcer those are induced by the ethanol. The prepared tablets showed a better activity compared to the standard synthetic drug and the marketed ayurvedic formulation. The tablets showed a dose-dependent activity in ulcer prevention and treatment. Many synthetic drugs are available for the ulcer treatment, and the drugs pose the other problems in the body by showing the side effects and some other reactions. This limits the use of synthetic drugs to treat ulcers effectively. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs.

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