scholarly journals Molecular evolution of Turnip mosaic virus: evidence of host adaptation, genetic recombination and geographical spread

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1511-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazusato Ohshima ◽  
Yuka Yamaguchi ◽  
Ryo Hirota ◽  
Tamaki Hamamoto ◽  
Kenta Tomimura ◽  
...  

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a species of the genus Potyvirus, occurs worldwide. Seventy-six isolates of TuMV were collected from around the world, mostly from Brassica and Raphanus crops, but also from several non-brassica species. Host tests grouped the isolates into one or other of two pathotypes; Brassica (B) and Brassica–Raphanus (BR). The nucleotide sequences of the first protein (P1) and coat protein (CP) genes of the isolates were determined. One-tenth of the isolates were found to have anomalous and variable phylogenetic relationships as a result of recombination. The 5′-terminal 300 nt of the P1 gene of many isolates was also variable and phylogenetically anomalous, whereas the 380 nt 3′ terminus of the CP gene was mostly conserved. Trees calculated from the remaining informative parts of the two genes of the non-recombinant sequences by neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods were closely similar, and so these parts of the sequences were concatenated and trees calculated from the resulting 1150 nt. The isolates fell into four consistent groups; only the relationships of these groups with one another and with the outgroup differed. The ‘basal-B’ cluster of eight B-pathotype isolates was most variable, was not monophyletic, and came from both brassicas and non-brassicas from southwest and central Eurasia. Closest to it, and forming a monophyletic subgroup of it in most trees, and similarly variable, was the ‘basal-BR’ group of eight BR pathotype Eurasian isolates. The third and least variable group, the ‘Asian-BR’ group, was of 22 BR-pathotype isolates, all from brassicas, mostly Raphanus, and all from east Asia mostly Japan. The fourth group of 36 isolates, the ‘world-B’ group, was from all continents, most were isolated from brassicas and most were of the B-pathotype. The simplest of several possible interpretations of the trees is that TuMV originated, like its brassica hosts, in Europe and spread to the other parts of the world, and that the BR pathotype has recently evolved in east Asia.

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Glasa ◽  
Katarína Šoltys ◽  
Lukáš Predajňa ◽  
Nina Sihelská ◽  
Slavomíra Nováková ◽  
...  

In recent years, the accumulated molecular data of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates from various hosts originating from different parts of the world considerably helped to understand the genetic complexity and evolutionary history of the virus. In this work, four complete TuMV genomes (HC9, PK1, MS04, MS15) were characterised from naturally infected cultivated and wild-growing Papaver spp., hosts from which only very scarce data were available previously. Phylogenetic analyses showed the affiliation of Slovak Papaver isolates to the world-B and basal-B groups. The PK1 isolate showed a novel intra-lineage recombination pattern, further confirming the important role of recombination in the shaping of TuMV genetic diversity. Biological assays indicated that the intensity of symptoms in experimentally inoculated oilseed poppy are correlated to TuMV accumulation level in leaves. This is the first report of TuMV in poppy plants in Slovakia.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulistiyaningsih

Japan is developed country located in east asia. Japan is the third largest national economy in the world in terms of nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This country has a lot of unique customs and culture. Even known as modern country, Japan is always preserve the historical relics very well. One of the most popular tourism historical object in Osaka is Osaka Castle. This castle is the main icon of Osaka city and manifestation of historical tourism that is still well preserved in Japan.


Author(s):  
Thomas Kalinowski

East Asia is the third world region that is crucial for an investigation of international economic conflicts and cooperation. The rise of East Asia as the ‘factory of the world’ since the 1970s is as important for the global political economy as US-led financial globalization and European integration. This chapter begins with an explanation of East Asia’s role in the trilemma triangle and then turns to an analysis of the historic genesis of the East Asian (developmental) state-led model of capitalism. We then investigate the economic origins of the East Asian success story and in particular the formation of large export-oriented business conglomerates. Finally, we look at the political foundation of the East Asian model, which can be described as an authoritarian corporatist model that is shaped by the alliance of state and business at the expense of labour.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng-Xing Song ◽  
Eun-Young Seo ◽  
Wen-Xing Hu ◽  
Jong-Hyeon Jeong ◽  
Jae Sun Moon ◽  
...  

Abstract In this work, two new Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) strains (Canola-12 and Canola-14) overcoming resistance in canola (Brassica napus) were isolated from a B. napus sample which showed typical TuMV-like symptoms and was collected from Gimcheon city, South Korea in 2020. Complete genomes and infectious clones of each isolate were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strains isolated from canola belonged to the World-B group. Both infectious clones which were driven by 35S and T7 promoters induced systemic symptoms on Nicotiana benthamiana and B. napus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TuMV infecting B. napus in South Korea.


2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ng Kwok Weng Roy

South East Asia (SEA) is made up of 11 countries (Viet-nam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia and Timor Leste) from Myanmar in the northwest to Timor Leste in the far south east. It is one of the most far flung region in Asia, with a land mass of 4.5 million km2 and theitspopulation of 641 million makes it the third most populous geographical region in the world after South Asia and East Asia. Asia is the world’s largest most populous continent stretching from the Middle East in the west to Japan in the east with a population of 4.567 billion.


Author(s):  
Peter C. Perdue

Since ancient times, East Asia and Central Eurasia have been connected to the world. Nationalist histories, however, have focused on the internal ‘unity’ of each of the nation-states of East Asia — China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam — while Central Eurasia has been fragmented into ‘Inner Asia’ (Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Manchuria) and ‘Central Asia’ (former soviet Central Asia). These arbitrary divisions ignore similarities and interactions within Asia, and they no longer fit the post-1989 world. Globalization and nationalism have now developed together. Nevertheless, East Asia and Central Eurasia have a much longer history of cultural and economic interaction than of nationalist isolation. This article suggests way to study the global connections of East Asia and Central Eurasia. It considers state contacts, stat formation and expansion, and great divergences between nations.


2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 2683-2696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyang Tan ◽  
Yasuhiko Wada ◽  
Jishuang Chen ◽  
Kazusato Ohshima

A recombination map of the genome of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was assembled using data from 19 complete genomic sequences, previously reported, and a composite sample of three regions of the genome, one-third in total, of a representative Asia-wide collection of 70 isolates. Thus, a total of 89 isolates of worldwide origin was analysed for recombinants. Eighteen recombination sites were found spaced throughout the 5′ two-thirds of the genome, but there were only two in the 3′ one-third; thus, 24 and 35 % of the P1 and NIa-VPg gene sequences examined were recombinants, whereas only 1 % of the corresponding NIa-Pro and CP gene sequences were recombinants. Recombinants with parents from the same or from different lineages were found, and some recombination sites characterized particular lineages. Most of the strain BR recombinants belonged to the Asian-BR group, as defined previously, and it was concluded that this lineage resulted from a recent migration, whereas many of the strain B recombinants from Asia fell into the world-B group. Again, a large proportion of isolates in this group were recombinants. Some recombination sites were found only in particular lineages, and hence seemed more likely to be the surviving progeny from single recombinational events, rather than the progeny of multiple events occurring at recombination hotspots. It seems that the presence of recombination sites, as well as sequence similarities, may be used to trace the migration and evolution of TuMV.


Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute

Maize mosaic virus (MMV) causes a severe disease of Zea mays in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including the southern U.S. (1-3). Fig. 1 shows internal cross striations of helical nucleoprotein and bounding membrane with surface projections typical of many plant rhabdovirus particles including MMV (3). Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) was investigated as a method for identifying MMV. Antiserum to MMV was supplied by Ramon Lastra (Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela).


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