scholarly journals Genomic surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the period pre-PCV10 and post-PCV10 introduction in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samanta C. G. Almeida ◽  
Stephanie W. Lo ◽  
Paulina A. Hawkins ◽  
Rebecca A. Gladstone ◽  
Ana Paula Cassiolato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Group A

In 2010, Brazil introduced the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) into the national children’s immunization programme. This study describes the genetic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates before and after PCV10 introduction. A subset of 466 [pre-PCV10 (2008–2009): n=232, post-PCV10 (2012–2013): n=234;<5 years old: n=310, ≥5 years old: n=156] pneumococcal isolates, collected through national laboratory surveillance, were whole-genome sequenced (WGS) to determine serotype, pilus locus, antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. Following PCV10 introduction, in the <5 years age group, non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) serotype 3 and serotype 19A were the most frequent, and serotypes 12F, 8 and 9 N in the ≥5 years old group. The study identified 65 Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs): 49 (88 %) were GPSCs previously described and 16 (12 %) were Brazilian clusters. In total, 36 GPSCs (55 %) were NVT lineages, 18 (28 %) vaccine serotypes (VT) and 11 (17 %) were both VT and NVT lineages. In both sampling periods, the most frequent lineage was GPSC6 (CC156, serotypes 14/9V). In the <5 years old group, a decrease in penicillin (P=0.0123) and cotrimoxazole (P<0.0001) resistance and an increase in tetracycline (P=0.019) were observed. Penicillin nonsusceptibility was predicted in 40 % of the isolates; 127 PBP combinations were identified (51 predicted MIC≥0.125 mg l−1); cotrimoxazole (folA and/or folP alterations), macrolide (mef and/or ermB) and tetracycline (tetM, tetO or tetS/M) resistance were predicted in 63, 13 and 21.6 % of pneumococci studied, respectively. The main lineages associated with multidrug resistance in the post-PCV10 period were composed of NVT, GPSC1 (CC320, serotype 19A), and GPSC47 (ST386, serotype 6C). The study provides a baseline for future comparisons and identified important NVT lineages in the post-PCV10 period in Brazil.

Is stagnating flow in former feeding arteries an indication of cerebral hypoperfusion after resection of arteriovenous malformations?

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Meyer ◽  
Horst Urbach ◽  
Carlo Schaller ◽  
Johannes Schramm
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Cerebral Hypoperfusion ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cortical Ischemia ◽  
Group B ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The authors' goal in this study was to challenge the proposed mechanism of the occlusive hyperemia theory, in which it is asserted that stagnating flow in the former feeding arteries of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) leads to parenchymal hypoperfusion or ischemia, from which postoperative edema and hemorrhage originate. Methods. Cortical oxygen saturation (SaO2) was measured in 52 patients by using microspectrophotometry in areas adjacent to AVMs before and after resection. The appearance of the former feeding arteries was categorized as normal (Group A); moderately stagnating (Group B); and excessively stagnating (Group C) on postoperative angiographic fast-film series. Patients and SaO2 values were pooled accordingly and compared using analysis of variance and Duncan tests (p < 0.05). Angiographic stagnation times in former feeding arteries were correlated in a linear regression/correlation analysis with SaO2 data (p < 0.05). All values are given as the mean ± standard deviation. The average median postoperative SaO2 in Group C (15 patients) was significantly higher than in Groups B (17 patients) and A (20 patients) (Group C, 75.2 ± 8.5; Group B, 67.5 ± 10.8; Group A, 67.1 ± 12 %SaO2), as was the average postoperative increase in SaO2 (Group C, 25.9 ± 14.9; Group B, 14.6 ± 14; Group A, 11.1 ± 14 %SaO2). Angiographically confirmed stagnation times were also significantly longer in Group C than in Group B (Group C, 5.6 ± 2.5; Group B, 1.3 ± 0.6 seconds). A significant correlation/regression analysis showed a clear trend toward higher postoperative SaO2 levels with increasing stagnation time. Conclusions. Stagnating flow in former feeding arteries does not cause cortical ischemia, but its presence on angiographic studies is usually indicative of hyperperfusion in the surrounding brain tissue after AVM resection. In the context of the pathophysiology of AVMs extrapolations made from angiographically visible shunt flow to blood flow in the surrounding brain tissue must be regarded with caution.

scholarly journals Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae membrane phospholipid remodelling in response to human serum

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke R. Joyce ◽  
Ziqiang Guan ◽  
Kelli L. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Streptococcal Species ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Streptococcus pneumoniae , S. pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus ; GAS) and S. agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus ; GBS) are major aetiological agents of diseases in humans. The cellular membrane, a crucial site in host–pathogen interactions, is poorly characterized in streptococci. Moreover, little is known about whether or how environmental conditions influence their lipid compositions. Using normal phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization MS, we characterized the phospholipids and glycolipids of S. pneumoniae , GAS and GBS in routine undefined laboratory medium, streptococcal defined medium and, in order to mimic the host environment, defined medium supplemented with human serum. In human serum-supplemented medium, all three streptococcal species synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC), a zwitterionic phospholipid commonly found in eukaryotes but relatively rare in bacteria. We previously reported that S. pneumoniae utilizes the glycerophosphocholine (GPC) biosynthetic pathway to synthesize PC. Through substrate tracing experiments, we confirm that GAS and GBS scavenge lysoPC, a major metabolite in human serum, thereby using an abbreviated GPC pathway for PC biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that plasmanyl-PC is uniquely present in the GBS membrane during growth with human serum, suggesting GBS possesses unusual membrane biochemical or biophysical properties. In summary, we report cellular lipid remodelling by the major pathogenic streptococci in response to metabolites present in human serum.

scholarly journals Phylogeography and resistome of pneumococcal meningitis in West Africa before and after vaccine introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madikay Senghore ◽  
Peggy-Estelle Tientcheu ◽  
Archibald Kwame Worwui ◽  
Sheikh Jarju ◽  
Catherine Okoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Type Species ◽  
World Health ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
Accessory Genome ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Before And After

Despite contributing to the large disease burden in West Africa, little is known about the genomic epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae which cause meningitis among children under 5 years old in the region. We analysed whole-genome sequencing data from 185  S . pneumoniae isolates recovered from suspected paediatric meningitis cases as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) invasive bacterial diseases surveillance from 2010 to 2016. The phylogeny was reconstructed, accessory genome similarity was computed and antimicrobial-resistance patterns were inferred from the genome data and compared to phenotypic resistance from disc diffusion. We studied the changes in the distribution of serotypes pre- and post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction in the Central and Western sub-regions separately. The overall distribution of non-vaccine, PCV7 (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F) and additional PCV13 serotypes (1, 3, 5, 6A, 19A and 7F) did not change significantly before and after PCV introduction in the Central region (Fisher's test P value 0.27) despite an increase in the proportion of non-vaccine serotypes to 40 % (n=6) in the post-PCV introduction period compared to 21.9 % (n=14). In the Western sub-region, PCV13 serotypes were more dominant among isolates from The Gambia following the introduction of PCV7, 81 % (n=17), compared to the pre-PCV period in neighbouring Senegal, 51 % (n=27). The phylogeny illustrated the diversity of strains associated with paediatric meningitis in West Africa and highlighted the existence of phylogeographical clustering, with isolates from the same sub-region clustering and sharing similar accessory genome content. Antibiotic-resistance genotypes known to confer resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline were detected across all sub-regions. However, there was no discernible trend linking the presence of resistance genotypes with the vaccine introduction period or whether the strain was a vaccine or non-vaccine serotype. Resistance genotypes appeared to be conserved within selected sub-clades of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting clonal inheritance. Our data underscore the need for continued surveillance on the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes as well as chloramphenicol and penicillin resistance, as these antibiotics are likely still being used for empirical treatment in low-resource settings. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

scholarly journals Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Moscow before and after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Natalya M. Alyabyeva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Brzhozovskaya ◽  
Olga A. Ponomarenko ◽  
Anna V. Lazareva
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Inpatient And Outpatient Care ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination

Introduction. In 2014, a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) was introduced into the children’s immunization program in Russia. In this regard, to describe and analyze the epidemiology of pneumococcal infections, it is important to study and evaluate the distribution of serotypes and the effect of PCV13 vaccination on the serotype distribution of the nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates isolated in children from 2010 to 2018. Materials and methods. The study included 708 nasopharyngeal pediatric pneumococcal isolates recovered from 2010 to 2018, in patients under 5 years of age, who received inpatient and outpatient care at the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (Moscow). Serotyping was performed using antisera and / or molecular typing by PCR Results. In total, 33 different serotypes were identified in the S. pneumoniae collection. Six predominant serotypes were accounted for 68.6% of the total distribution and included serotypes: 19F, 6B, 23F, 14, 15B/C, 6A. The average prevalence of vaccine serotypes was of 77.7% in 2010-2015, with a significant decrease to 52% in 2018, which was accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of serotype 15B/C (16% in 2018) and serotypes 11A and 23A, from 1.1% in 2010 to 9.3% and 8% respectively in 2018. Conclusion. The use of PCV13 vaccination in Russia has led to a significant decrease in the carriage of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes. These results emphasize the need for careful monitoring of an ever-changing pneumococcal population.

scholarly journals Abrupt termination of the 2019/20 influenza season following preventive measures against COVID-19 in Denmark, Norway and Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne-Dorthe Emborg ◽  
AnnaSara Carnahan ◽  
Karoline Bragstad ◽  
Ramona Trebbien ◽  
Mia Brytting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Seasonal Peak ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance

Background In mid-March 2020, a range of public health and social measures (PHSM) against the then new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were implemented in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Aim We analysed the development of influenza cases during the implementation of PHSM against SARS-CoV-2 in the Scandinavian countries. Method Based on the established national laboratory surveillance of influenza, we compared the number of human influenza cases in the weeks immediately before and after the implementation of SARS-CoV-2 PHSM by country. The 2019/20 influenza season was compared with the five previous seasons. Results A dramatic reduction in influenza cases was seen in all three countries, with only a 3- to 6-week duration from the peak of weekly influenza cases until the percentage dropped below 1%. In contrast, in the previous nine influenza seasons, the decline from the seasonal peak to below 1% of influenza-positive samples took more than 10 weeks. Conclusions The PHSM against SARS-CoV-2 were followed by a dramatic reduction in influenza cases, indicating a wider public health effect of the implemented measures.

scholarly journals Population genetic structure, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in children in Argentina

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Gagetti ◽  
Stephanie W. Lo ◽  
Paulina A. Hawkins ◽  
Rebecca A. Gladstone ◽  
Mabel Regueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sequencing Project ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Immunization Programme

Invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (IPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. In Argentina, PCV13 was introduced into the childhood immunization programme nationwide in 2012 and PCV7 was available from 2000, but only in the private market. Since 1993 the National IPD Surveillance Programme, consisting of 150 hospitals, has conducted nationwide pneumococcal surveillance in Argentina in children under 6 years of age, as part of the SIREVA II-OPS network. A total of 1713 pneumococcal isolates characterized by serotype (Quellung) and antimicrobial resistance (agar dilution) to ten antibiotics, belonging to three study periods: pre-PCV7 era 1998–1999 (pre-PCV), before the introduction of PCV13 2010–2011 (PCV7) and after the introduction of PCV13 2012–2013 (PCV13), were available for inclusion. Fifty-four serotypes were identified in the entire collection and serotypes 14, 5 and 1 represented 50 % of the isolates. Resistance to penicillin was 34.9 %, cefotaxime 10.6 %, meropenem 4.9 %, cotrimoxazole 45 %, erythromycin 21.5 %, tetracycline 15.4 % and chloramphenicol 0.4 %. All the isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, rifampin and vancomycin. Of 1713 isolates, 1061 (61.9 %) were non-susceptible to at least one antibiotic and 235(13.7 %) were multidrug resistant. A subset of 413 isolates was randomly selected and whole-genome sequenced as part of Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Project (GPS). The genome data was used to investigate the population structure of S. pneumoniae defining pneumococcal lineages using Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs), sequence types (STs) and clonal complexes (CCs), prevalent serotypes and their associated pneumococcal lineages and genomic inference of antimicrobial resistance. The collection showed a great diversity of strains. Among the 413 isolates, 73 known and 36 new STs were identified belonging to 38 CCs and 25 singletons, grouped into 52 GPSCs. Important changes were observed among vaccine types when pre-PCV and PCV13 periods were compared; a significant decrease in serotypes 14, 6B and 19F and a significant increase in 7F and 3. Among non-PCV13 types, serogroup 24 increased from 0 % in pre-PCV to 3.2 % in the PCV13 period. Our analysis showed that 66.1 % (273/413) of the isolates were predicted to be non-susceptible to at least one antibiotic and 11.9 % (49/413) were multidrug resistant. We found an agreement of 100 % when comparing the serotype determined by Quellung and WGS-based serotyping and 98.4 % of agreement in antimicrobial resistance. Continued surveillance of the pneumococcal population is needed to reveal the dynamics of pneumococcal isolates in Argentina in post-PCV13. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

Streptococcus pneumoniaeserogroup 6 clones over two decades

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
pp. 2501-2513
Author(s):  
D. B. PAYNE ◽  
B. M. GRAY
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Before And After

SUMMARYThe major evolutionary stresses onStreptococcus pneumoniaeare thought to be the widespread use of antibiotics and the deployment of effective vaccines against the capsular polysaccharides. Our current knowledge of genetic lineages among pneumococcal isolates comes largely from investigations just before and after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) introduced in 2000. We examined 66 serogroup 6 isolates from the 1970s, long before the introduction of PCV7 and before widespread penicillin resistance was common in Birmingham, Alabama, to look for ancestors of the clones that came into play around the introduction of the PCV7 vaccine. The hypothesis was that some clonal complexes, if not individual clones, would be stable enough to persist over this period of time. We compared the 1970s isolates with 122 isolates from the 1990s in US and worldwide collections. Genotyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that while some clones were probably localized to our area, others have persisted within groups that have expanded or diminished over the years.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Ceftriaxone Nonsusceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Analysis of South African National Surveillance Data, 2003 to 2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 3293-3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire von Mollendorf ◽  
Cheryl Cohen ◽  
Linda de Gouveia ◽  
Vanessa Quan ◽  
Susan Meiring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
South African ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Northern Cape

ABSTRACTIt is important to monitor β-lactam antimicrobial nonsusceptibility trends forStreptococcus pneumoniaeto inform empirical treatment guidelines. In this study, we describe penicillin and ceftriaxone susceptibility trends using national laboratory-based pneumococcal surveillance data from 2003 to 2010. A sentinel enhanced-site patient subset (2009 to 2010) contributed to the risk factor and mortality analyses. We included 9,218 invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases for trend analyses and 2,854 IPD cases for risk factor and mortality analyses. Overall, we detected no significant changes in penicillin (patients <5 years of age,P= 0.50; patients ≥5 years of age,P= 0.05) or ceftriaxone nonsusceptibility rates (patients <5 years of age,P= 0.21; patients ≥5 years of age,P= 0.60). Factors associated with ceftriaxone nonsusceptibility on multivariate analysis were an age of <5 years (<1 year of age: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70 to 4.86; 1 to 4 years of age: aOR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.53 to 4.35, versus 25 to 44 years of age), province (Gauteng [aOR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.26 to 4.84], and Northern Cape [aOR, 4.52; 95% CI, 1.95 to 10.52] versus KwaZulu-Natal), β-lactam use within 24 h preceding admission (aOR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.41 to 4.53), and 13-valent vaccine serotypes (aOR, 51.64; 95% CI, 7.18 to 371.71). Among patients ≥5 years of age with meningitis who were treated according to current guidelines, HIV-infected patients (aOR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.32 to 6.54) and patients infected with ceftriaxone-nonsusceptible isolates (aOR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.27 to 7.89) had increased mortality rates. Among children <5 years of age with meningitis, mortality was increased in HIV-infected patients (aOR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.40 to 6.56) but not in those with ceftriaxone-nonsusceptible isolates. Penicillin and ceftriaxone nonsusceptibility remained stable over the study period. Ceftriaxone nonsusceptibility was associated with increased mortality among patients ≥5 years of age with meningitis. The introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may reduce ceftriaxone-nonsusceptible meningitis.

Study the Relationship Between Estrogen Hormone and Calcium in Normal Females Before and After Menopause in Baghdad / Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameerah Mustafa ◽  
Asal Tawfeeq ◽  
Hadeel Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Age Range

This study involved the collection of (90) samples of women serum which included (30) serum samples collected from women before menopause (reproductive women) in the age range of (22-43) years and were considered as (group A- control). While, (group B) included (30) serum samples collected from women using oral contraceptive pills between the ages of (22-43) years old. Whereas, another (30) serum samples were collected from women after menopause between the ages of (43-54) years and were considered as (group C). All of the collected serum samples were subjected to a number of serological and chemical tests for the measurement of (E2, HDL, LDL and Ca). Then, the obtained data were statistical analyzed and results showed a significant decrease (p˂ 0.05) in (E2 ,Ca and HDL) levels in menopausal women compared to that of the normal healthy controls. While, there were non-significant decrease (p> 0.05) in (E2, Ca and HDL) levels in women taking oral contraceptive when compared to the normal healthy controls. On the other hand, a significant increase (p˂ 0.05) was recorded in LDL level in menopausal women compared to that of the normal healthy controls whereas, no-significant increase (p˃ 0.05) in the LDL level in women taking oral contraceptives when compared to the control women.

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