scholarly journals Strongly asymmetric hybridization barriers shape the origin of a new polyploid species and its hybrid ancestor

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Vallejo-Marin ◽  
Arielle Cooley ◽  
Michelle Qi ◽  
Madison Folmer ◽  
Michael McKain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Allopolyploid Speciation ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Common

Premise of the study: Hybridization between diploids and tetraploids can lead to new allopolyploid species, often via a triploid intermediate. Viable triploids are often produced asymmetrically, with greater success observed for maternal-excess crosses where the mother has a higher ploidy than the father. Here we investigate the evolutionary origins of Mimulus peregrinus, an allopolyploid recently derived from the triploid M. x robertsii, to determine whether reproductive asymmetry has shaped the formation of this new species. Methods: We used reciprocal crosses between the diploid (M. guttatus) and tetraploid (M. luteus) progenitors to determine the viability of triploid hybrids resulting from paternal- versus maternal-excess crosses. To investigate whether experimental results predict patterns seen in the field, we performed parentage analyses comparing natural populations of M. peregrinus to its diploid, tetraploid, and triploid progenitors. Organellar sequences obtained from pre-existing genomic data, supplemented with additional genotyping was used to establish the maternal ancestry of multiple M. peregrinus and M. x robertsii populations. Key results: We find strong evidence for asymmetric origins of M. peregrinus, but opposite to the common pattern, with paternal-excess crosses significantly more successful than maternal-excess crosses. These results successfully predicted hybrid formation in nature: 111 of 114 M. x robertsii individuals, and 27 of 27 M. peregrinus, had an M. guttatus maternal haplotype. Conclusion: This study, which includes assembly of the first Mimulus chloroplast genome, demonstrates the utility of parentage analysis through genome skimming. We highlight the benefits of complementing genomic analyses with experimental approaches to understand asymmetry in allopolyploid speciation.

Interspecific differences in the distribution of adult and juvenile ponyfish (Leiognathidae) in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Staunton-Smith ◽  
S. J. M. Blaber ◽  
J. G. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Linear Increase ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Nursery Areas ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Coastal Species ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coexisting Species

The distribution of leiognathids was investigated at 261 sites spread throughout the Gulf of Carpentaria. Eight species, Gazza minuta, Leiognathus decorus, L. equulus, L. fasciatus, L. leuciscus, L. smithursti, L. splendens and Secutor ruconius, were usually restricted to coastal areas, whereas four species, L. bindus, L. moretoniensis, Leiognathus sp. and S. insidiator, were not. Two other species, L. aureus and L. elongatus, were caught at only one site each. The relationships between size of fish and depth in Albatross Bay were investigated by examining the mean weight and minimum and maximum lengths of different species in 356 trawls. Six of the coastal species showed the common pattern of linear increase in size with depth. This pattern is consistent with the existence of estuarine and/or inshore nursery areas, and supports previous observations of these species. In contrast, three of the widespread species exhibited approximately quadratic relationships between size and depth. This unusual pattern resulted from small fish living in both the shallow inshore areas and deeper offshore areas, and it may reduce competition among the juveniles of the large number of very abundant, coexisting species of leiognathid.

Regulation of nematode fecundity in the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus): not just density dependence

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. TOMPKINS ◽  
P. J. HUDSON
Keyword(s):  
Density Dependence ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Phasianus Colchicus ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Infection Experiment ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Heterakis Gallinarum ◽  
Parasite Intensity ◽  
Inverse Density Dependence ◽  
The Common

Patterns of nematode fecundity were investigated for infections of the caecal worm Heterakis gallinarum in the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Worm length was a good predictor of parasite fecundity. After controlling for worm length no other factors, including parasite intensity, were related to worm fecundity. Density dependence in worm size was detected in natural infections at parasite intensities above a threshold of 96 worms (worm size decreased with increasing parasite intensity). However, below this threshold, worm size actually decreased with decreasing parasite intensity (inverse density dependence). The interaction between density dependence and inverse density dependence in regulating the development and subsequent fecundity of H. gallinarum worms in ring-necked pheasants was demonstrated in an infection experiment. Density dependence was observed in the stunted growth of worms in heavily infected hosts, relative to worms in lightly infected hosts. Inverse density dependence in worm size was the common pattern across hosts by the end of the experiment, when parasite intensities were below the density dependence threshold. This is the first study to document both density dependence and inverse density dependence in parasite fecundity in the same host–helminth system.

scholarly journals Horticultural Classification of Citrus Cultivars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagveer Singh ◽  
Vishal Sharma ◽  
Kuldeep Pandey ◽  
Shahnawaz Ahmed ◽  
Manveen Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
The Common

Globally, citrus fruits are grown over an area of 11.42 million ha with 179.0 million tons production. China with 82.7 m tons production is the major producer of citrus fruits followed by Brazil (18.14 m tons) and India (10.53 m tons) (FAOSTAT, 2019). All commercially used scion and rootstock cultivars belong to the genus Citrus, except kumquats, Fortunella spp., and Poncirus trifoliata, which are used as rootstock only all over the world. Worldwide citrus cultivars divided into four, reasonably-well-defined horticultural groups: the Sweet oranges, the mandarins, the grapefruits and the pummelos and the common acid members. The true or ‘biological’ citrus, including species of Citrus (C. reticulata, C. maxima and C. medica), share certain characteristics, however, these are clearly differentiated according to the morpho- taxonomic traits. Hundreds of different citrus cultivars are available. Many varieties were chance finds from natural populations, and not the product of intentional breeding efforts. Other varieties in common use have originated from planned citrus hybridization and breeding efforts from worldwide. Most of the readers will be well acquainted with the cultivated types of Citrus scion and rootstocks. This chapter provides ripening season information for worldwide, farmers/gardeners have had success with citrus in many different regions of world where tropical/subtropical climatic conditions occur.

Some Aspects of Radioecological Monitoring of High Aquatic Plants From Water-Bodies Within the Chernobyl Accident Exclusion Zone

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie L. Shevtsova ◽  
Dmitriy I. Gudkov ◽  
Andrian A. Yavnyuk
Keyword(s):  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Absorbed Dose Rate ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level

The impact analysis of low doses of ionizing radiation on the breathers in natural populations is an important part of radiobiological studies of non-human biota. The main aim of our studies was to investigate some cytogenetic, morphological and reproductive rates of the common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steud.) from different water bodies within the Chernobyl accident exclusion zone. The absorbed dose rate for littoral emergent plants in sampling water bodies was varied from 1.3E−02 to 1.6E−01 Gy/h. The rate and main types of chromosome aberrations in roots meristems, morphological damages in seed germs, as well as rates of germinating ability and power were analyzed. There were registered rather low rate of germinating ability (14–48%) and germinating power (<1) of seeds from all sampling water bodies with high levels of radioactive contamination in comparison to control ones. Against the general suppressed background the effect of relative stimulation of more affected seeds was observed. With increase of absorbed dose in range of 1.3E−02–1.6E−01 Gy/h the number of germinated seeds was increased. At the same time the number of morphological damages of seeds was increased as well. There was determined the positive correlation between absorbed dose rate and chromosome aberration rate in roots of the common reed from sampling water bodies. The highest rate of chromosome aberrations (up to 17%) were registered in plants with high level of morphological deviations in seeds germs. The data obtained from the complex analysis of natural populations of the common reed from the radioactive contaminated water bodies testify about rather high level of genetic efficiency of low doses of long-term exposure.

scholarly journals Solidarity in genomic healthcare? Results of the Belgian citizen forum (2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Mayeur ◽  
W Van Hoof
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Genomic Medicine ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government

Abstract Genomic medicine requires to collect and use a huge amount of patient and citizen data. Therefore, the Belgian Minister of Public Health decided to organize a citizen forum on the ethical, legal and societal issues (ELSI) surrounding the use of genomic information in healthcare. This initiative follows the trend of public involvement in Europe regarding ELSI in genomics. During three weekends, a panel of 32 citizens, informed by experts of different backgrounds, produced political recommendations. We will focus on their conception of solidarity, which is crucial to take into account when considering policies on data sharing in genomics. Citizens of the panel consider their genome simultaneously as the individual’s property and as something to be shared for the common good. As a consequence, the panel agrees to support solidarity provided individual interests, such as privacy protection, are respected. By solidarity, the panel means supporting genomic data sharing for the common good, which they define as scientific research that improves knowledge (on both prevention and diagnostics) to build a fair society where everyone has an equal opportunity to live healthy. According to the panel, the government should actively encourage citizens to share their genomic data, but no one can be forced to do it. For instance, the government could motivate citizens to share their genomic data by partially reimbursing genomic tests undertaken without medical prescription. However, because everyone has an equal right to live healthy, the panel esteems that genomic tests for medical needs should be accessible for all, thanks to a well-thought-out and sustainable refund system. Key messages Citizens support solidarity in genomic medicine, but demand proportional individual protection. As citizens become increasingly important stakeholders in genomic medicine, all public authorities should actively engage citizens in relevant healthcare policies.

scholarly journals CoreCruncher: Fast and Robust Construction of Core Genomes in Large Prokaryotic Data Sets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connor D Harris ◽  
Ellis L Torrance ◽  
Kasie Raymann ◽  
Louis-Marie Bobay
Keyword(s):  
Core Genome ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Core ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Massive Accumulation ◽  
Genome Comparisons

Abstract The core genome represents the set of genes shared by all, or nearly all, strains of a given population or species of prokaryotes. Inferring the core genome is integral to many genomic analyses, however, most methods rely on the comparison of all the pairs of genomes; a step that is becoming increasingly difficult given the massive accumulation of genomic data. Here, we present CoreCruncher; a program that robustly and rapidly constructs core genomes across hundreds or thousands of genomes. CoreCruncher does not compute all pairwise genome comparisons and uses a heuristic based on the distributions of identity scores to classify sequences as orthologs or paralogs/xenologs. Although it is much faster than current methods, our results indicate that our approach is more conservative than other tools and less sensitive to the presence of paralogs and xenologs. CoreCruncher is freely available from: https://github.com/lbobay/CoreCruncher. CoreCruncher is written in Python 3.7 and can also run on Python 2.7 without modification. It requires the python library Numpy and either Usearch or Blast. Certain options require the programs muscle or mafft.

scholarly journals Warmer temperatures attenuate the classic offspring number and reproductive investment trade-off in the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 20160101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Rutschmann ◽  
Donald B. Miles ◽  
Jean Clobert ◽  
Murielle Richard
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Common Lizard ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Zootoca Vivipara ◽  
The Common

Life-history traits involved in trade-offs are known to vary with environmental conditions. Here, we evaluate the response of the trade-off between ‘offspring number’ versus ‘energy invested per offspring’ to ambient temperature in 11 natural populations of the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara . We provide evidence at both the intra- and interpopulation levels that the trade-off is reduced with an increase in air temperature. If this effect enhances current individual fitness, it may lead to an accelerated pace of life in warmer environments and could ultimately increase adult mortality. In the context of global warming, our results advocate the need for more studies in natural populations to explore interactions between life-history traits' trade-offs and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Ethnography and Ethnographers in Museum-Community Partnerships

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Jackson
Keyword(s):  
American Association ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Partnerships ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
American Museum ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Work Done

During the 1999 American Association of Museums (AAM) meetings, museum workers reflected on ways in which their institutions could become more relevant. Social structures that have supported museums are rapidly changing and in which cultural diversity is increasingly recognized as both a social value and as a pragmatic challenge for public institutions. Although the forms they take are almost as diverse as the American museum community itself, models of direct collaboration between museums and specific local communities (ethnic, religious, occupational, etc.) are becoming a standard part of museum-based exhibition and research. While this common pattern is emerging, there are wide gaps existing between the aspirations and rhetoric of museum advocates of collaboration and the real work done throughout the United States. What is often missing in collaborative exhibition projects exploring local artistic, cultural, or historical traditions are the values and perspectives that are the common background of professional cultural anthropology and folklore research. In this essay I present, as a case study, an account of a collaborative exhibition project at Tulsa's Gilcrease Museum where I, until recently, served as Curator of Anthropology.

scholarly journals Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of pK29, a 269-Kilobase Conjugative Plasmid Encoding CMY-8 and CTX-M-3 β-Lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 3004-3007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Tsong Chen ◽  
Tsai-Ling Lauderdale ◽  
Tsai-Lien Liao ◽  
Yih-Ru Shiau ◽  
Hung-Yu Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Comparative Genomic Analysis ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
The Common

ABSTRACT A 269-kilobase conjugative plasmid, pK29, from a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was sequenced. The plasmid harbors multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including those encoding CMY-8 AmpC-type and CTX-M-3 extended-spectrum β-lactamases in the common backbone of IncHI2 plasmids. Mechanisms for dissemination of the resistance genes are highlighted in comparative genomic analyses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document