scholarly journals High Activity of Selective Essential Oils against Stationary PhaseBorrelia burgdorferi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Feng ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
Wanliang Shi ◽  
Nevena Zubcevik ◽  
Judith Miklossy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Cinnamon Bark ◽  
Oregano Oil

ABSTRACTAlthough the majority of patients with Lyme disease can be cured with the standard 2-4 week antibiotic treatment, about 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). While the cause for this is debated, one possibility is due to persisters not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics. It has been reported that essential oils have antimicrobial activities and some have been used by patients with persisting Lyme disease symptoms. However, the activity of essential oils against the causative agentBorrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi)has not been carefully studied. Here, we evaluated the activity of 34 essential oils againstB. burgdorferistationary phase culture as a model for persisters. We found that many essential oils had varying degrees of activity againstB. burgdorferi, with top 5 essential oils (oregano, cinnamon bark, clove bud, citronella, and wintergreen) at a low concentration of 0.25% showing more activity than the persister drug daptomycin. Interestingly, some highly active essential oils were found to have excellent anti-biofilm ability as shown by their ability to dissolve the aggregated biofilm-like structures. The top 3 hits, oregano, cinnamon bark and clove bud, completely eradicated all viable cells without regrowth in subculture. Carvacrol was found to be the most active ingredient of oregano oil showing excellent activity againstB. burgdorferistationary phase cells, while p-cymene and α-terpinene had no apparent activity. Future studies are needed to characterize and optimize the active essential oils in drug combinations in vitro and in vivo for improved treatment of persistent Lyme disease.IMPORTANCEThere is a huge need for effective treatment of patients with Lyme disease who suffer from PTLDS. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest thatB. burgdorferidevelops persisters that are not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics as a possible contributor to this condition. Although essential oils are used by patients with Lyme disease with variable improvement in symptoms, their anti-borrelia activity has not been carefully studied. Here we found that not all essential oils have adequate anti-borrelia activity and identified some highly potent essential oils (oregano, cinnamon bark, clove bud) that have even higher anti-persister and anti-biofilm activity than the persister drug daptomycin. Carvacrol was found to be the most active ingredient of oregano oil and have the potential to serve as a promising oral persister drug. Our findings may have implications for developing improved treatment of persisting Lyme disease.

scholarly journals Nitroxoline as a promising alternative drug for the treatment of Lyme disease based on an in-vitro study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector S. Alvarez-Manzo ◽  
Yumin Zhang ◽  
Wanliang Shi ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Drug Combinations ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Alternative Drug ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractLyme disease (LD) is the most common vector-borne disease in USA and Europe and is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Despite proper treatment, approximately one fifth of patients will develop post-treatment LD syndrome (PTLDS), a condition which is poorly understood. One of the possible causes is thought to be due to persister forms of B. burgdorferi that are not effectively killed by the current Lyme antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated nitroxoline, an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections, for its activity against a stationary-phase culture enriched with persister forms of B. burgdorferi. Nitroxoline was found to be equivalent in activity against B. burgdorferi to cefuroxime (standard Lyme antibiotic) in different experiments. Moreover, we found that the three-drug combination cefuroxime + nitroxoline + clarithromycin eradicated 98.3% of stationary phase bacteria in the drug-exposure experiment and prevented the regrowth in the subculture study after drug exposure, as well as two-drug combinations cefuroxime + nitroxoline and clarithromycin + nitroxoline. These drug combinations should be further evaluated in a LD mouse model to assess if eradication of persister forms of B. burgdorferi in-vivo is possible and if so, whether nitroxoline could be repurposed as an alternative drug for the treatment of LD.

scholarly journals Essential Oils and Their Vapors as Potential Antibacterial Agents against Respiratory Tract Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamilla Ács ◽  
Tímea Bencsik ◽  
Andrea Böszörményi ◽  
Béla Kocsis ◽  
Györgyi Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cinnamon Bark ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Tract Infections

Increasing appearance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which could be one of the major causes of respiratory tract infections, has again drawn attention to natural substances and alternative treatments. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the antibacterial evaluation of cinnamon bark, clove, thyme, citronella, peppermint, Scots pine, and eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) against respiratory tract pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with in vitro vapor phase (VP) and tube dilution (TD) techniques. The chemical and percentage compositions of the EOs were determined by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. Among the EOs, cinnamon bark was the most effective against all the investigated pathogens (MIC: 31.25–125 μL/L) in the VP assay, but clove oil presented the best inhibition against MRSA in liquid medium (MIC: 0.1 mg/mL). Thyme oil also showed antibacterial activity against MRSA and the antibiotic-sensitive strain of P. aeruginosa in both methods. In higher concentration, we found that peppermint oil was effective only in vapor form; contrarily, eucalyptus oil was more efficient in liquid medium. Surprisingly, Scots pine did not show any activity in our test systems. These results suggest that EOs could be promising solutions for the problem of antibiotic resistance due to their multiple composition and complex mode of action. However, more in vivo studies are necessary to calculate the effective dose of EOs in patients and determine their possible side effects and toxicity.

scholarly journals Additional Essential Oils with High Activity against Stationary PhaseBorrelia burgdorferi

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Feng ◽  
Wanliang Shi ◽  
Judith Miklossy ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Litsea Cubeba

ABSTRACTLyme disease is the most common vector borne-disease in the US. While the majority of the Lyme disease patients can be cured with 2-4 week antibiotic treatment, about 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from persisting symptoms. While the cause of this condition is unclear, persistent infection was proposed as one possibility. It has recently been shown thatB. burgdorferidevelops dormant persisters in stationary phase cultures that are not killed by the current Lyme antibiotics, and there is interest to identify novel drug candidates that more effectively kill such forms. We previously evaluated 34 essential oils and identified some highly active candidates with excellent activity against biofilm and stationary phaseB. burgdorferi.Here we screened another 35 essential oils and found 10 essential oils (garlic, allspice, cumin, palmarosa, myrrh, hedycheim, amyris, thyme white, litsea cubeba, lemon eucalyptus) and the active component of cinnamon bark cinnamaldehyde (CA) at a low concentration of 0.1% to have high activity against stationary phaseB. burgdorferi.At a very low 0.05% concentration, garlic, allspice, palmarosa and CA still exhibited strong activity against the stationary phaseB. burgdorferi. CA also showed strong activity against replicatingB. burgdorferi, with a MIC of 0.02% (or 0.2 μg/mL). In subculture studies, the top 5 hits garlic, allspice, myrrh, hedycheim, and litsea cubeba completely eradicated allB. burgdorferistationary phase cells at 0.1%, while palmarosa, lemon eucalyptus, amyris, cumin, and thyme white failed to do so as shown by visible spirochetal growth after 21-day subculture. At 0.05% concentration, only garlic essential oil and CA sterilized theB. burgdorferistationary phase culture as shown by no regrowth during subculture, while allspice, myrrh, hedycheim and litsea cubeba all had visible growth during subculture. Future studies are needed to determine if these highly active essential oils could eradicate persistentB. burgdorferiinfection in vivo.

67 Current Status and Future Prospective of the Use of Plant Bioactive Compounds in Dairy and Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Sergio Calsamiglia ◽  
Maria Rodriguez-Prado ◽  
Gonzalo Fernandez-Turren ◽  
Lorena Castillejos
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the last 20 years there has been extensive in vitro research on the effects of plant extracts and essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation. The main objectives have been to improve energy metabolism through a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in propionate production; and to improve protein metabolism by reducing proteolysis and deamination. While the positive results from in vitro studies has stimulated the release of commercial products based on blends of essential oils, there is limited in vivo evidence on the rumen fermentation and production performance effects. A literature search was conducted to select in vivo studies where information on rumen fermentation and animal performance was reported. For dairy cattle, we identified 37 studies of which 21 were adequate to test production performance. Ten studies reported increases and 3 decreases in milk yield. For beef cattle, we identified 20 studies with rumen fermentation profile and 22 with performance data. Average daily gain improved in 7 and decreased in 1 study. Only 1 out of 16 studies reported an improvement in feed efficiency. Data indicate that out of more than 500 products tested in vitro, only around 20 have been tested in vivo in different mixtures and doses. The use of statistical approaches will allow to describe the conditions, doses and responses in dairy and beef cattle performance. The search for postruminal effects offers another alternative use. Evidence for effects on the intestinal and systemic effects on the immune system and antioxidant status (i.e., capsicum, garlic, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde curcuma, catechins, anethol or pinene), and in the modulation of metabolic regulation (capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, curcuma or garlic) may open the opportunity for future applications. However, stability of the product in the GI tract, description of the mechanisms of action and the impact of these changes on performance needs to be further demonstrated.

scholarly journals Essential Oils as Treatment Strategy for Alzheimerʼs Disease: Current and Future Perspectives

Planta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (03) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Benny ◽  
Jaya Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

AbstractAlzheimerʼs disease is a multifarious neurodegenerative disease that causes cognitive impairment and gradual memory loss. Several hypotheses have been put forward to postulate its pathophysiology. Currently, few drugs are available for the management of Alzheimerʼs disease and the treatment provides only symptomatic relief. Our aim is to review the relevant in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies focused toward the potential uses of essential oils in the treatment of Alzheimerʼs disease. Scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar from April 1998 to June 2018 were explored to collect data. We have conducted wide search on various essential oils used in different models of Alzheimerʼs disease. Out of 55 essential oils identified for Alzheimerʼs intervention, 28 have been included in the present review. A short description of in vivo studies of 13 essential oils together with clinical trial data of Salvia officinalis, Salvia lavandulifolia, Melissa officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, and Rosmarinus officinalis have been highlighted. In vitro studies of remaining essential oils that possess antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential are also mentioned. Our literary survey revealed encouraging results regarding the various essential oils being studied in preclinical and clinical studies of Alzheimerʼs disease with significant effects in modulating the pathology through anti-amyloid, antioxidants, anticholinesterase, and memory-enhancement activity.

scholarly journals In Vitro ACE2 and 5-LOX Enzyme Inhibition by Menthol and Three Different Mint Essential Oils

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110550
Author(s):  
Fatih Demirci ◽  
Ayşe Esra Karadağ ◽  
Sevde Nur Biltekin ◽  
Betül Demirci
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Enzyme Inhibition ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Mentha Arvensis ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Inhibitory Activities

Mentha arvensis L., M. citrata L., and M. spicata L. (family Lamiaceae) essential oils, and their characteristic constituent, menthol, were evaluated in vitro for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme inhibitory activity. The chemical compositions of M. arvensis, M. citrata, and M. spicata essential oils were analysed both by GC-FID, and GC/MS; 82.0%, 38.1%, and 0.4% menthol were identified, respectively. M. spicata essential oil contained 88.2% carvone as its major component. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the essential oils were evaluated using a fluorometric multiplate based enzyme inhibition kit; the ACE2 inhibitions produced by M. arvensis, M. citrata, and M. spicata essential oils were 33%, 22%, and 73%, while the 5-LOX inhibitions were 84%, 79%, and 70%, respectively. In addition, menthol also showed remarkable ACE2 inhibition of 99.8%, whereas the 5-LOX inhibition was 79.9%. As a result, menthol and the three different mint essential oils may have antiviral potential applications against coronaviruses due to their ACE2 enzyme inhibition and anti-inflammatory features. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Activities of Selected Essential Oils

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Sandner ◽  
Mara Heckmann ◽  
Julian Weghuber
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Study Data ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Toxic Potential

Recently, the application of herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases has gained increasing attention. Essential oils (EOs) are generally known to exert various pharmacological effects, such as antiallergic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Current literature involving in vitro and in vivo studies indicates the potential of various herbal essential oils as suitable immunomodulators for the alternative treatment of infectious or immune diseases. This review highlights the cellular effects induced by EOs, as well as the molecular impacts of EOs on cytokines, immunoglobulins, or regulatory pathways. The results reviewed in this article revealed a significant reduction in relevant proinflammatory cytokines, as well as induction of anti-inflammatory markers. Remarkably, very little clinical study data involving the immunomodulatory effects of EOs are available. Furthermore, several studies led to contradictory results, emphasizing the need for a multiapproach system to better characterize EOs. While immunomodulatory effects were reported, the toxic potential of EOs must be clearly considered in order to secure future applications.

scholarly journals In vitro Inhibitory Action of the Essential Oils of Origanum Vulgare and Rosmarinus Officinalis against Aspergillus Fumigatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. e143-e152
Author(s):  
Antonia Carolina Melo Monteiro ◽  
Aminata Doucoure Drame ◽  
Francisca Melo Nascimento ◽  
Ana Luisa Miranda-Vilela ◽  
Alexandre Vasconcelos Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Agar Dilution

Abstract Aspergillus fumigatus is the main etiological agent of aspergillosis. Considering azole antifungal drug resistance in A. fumigatus, which compromises treatment, new alternatives are needed. Among them, essential oils (EOs) can be an alternative treatment, having shown positive results in inhibiting phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. We aimed to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) (oregano) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) EOs alone and in association (O. vulgare+R. officinalis) against A. fumigatus. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC/MS systems), and analyses showed that the major components of O. vulgare EO were carvacrol (67.8%), p-cymene (14.8%), and thymol (3.9%); for R. officinalis, they were the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (49.1%), camphor (18.1%) and α-pinene (8.1). For biological assays, five EO concentrations, 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1.0%, were used in disk diffusion and agar dilution tests for 21 days. In disk diffusion, O. vulgare EO alone and in association (O. vulgare+R. officinalis) showed fungicidal activity at all concentrations. In agar dilution, inhibitory action was demonstrated from 0.6% for O. vulgare EO and in association (O. vulgare+R. officinalis). R. officinalis EO at 1.0% showed no fungal growth, determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The present study demonstrated inhibitory actions of O. vulgare and R. officinalis EOs in A. fumigatus. GC analyses corroborated the literature regarding their antibacterial and antifungal effects. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to evaluate EOs as alternative antifungals for treating aspergillosis.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Valdivieso-Ugarte ◽  
Carolina Gomez-Llorente ◽  
Julio Plaza-Díaz ◽  
Ángel Gil
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

Essential oils (EOs) are a mixture of natural, volatile, and aromatic compounds obtained from plants. In recent years, several studies have shown that some of their benefits can be attributed to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and also immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, EOs have been proposed as a natural alternative to antibiotics or for use in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria in animal feed and food preservation. Most of the results come from in vitro and in vivo studies; however, very little is known about their use in clinical studies. A systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase®, and Scopus from December 2014 to April 2019 using different combinations of the following keywords: essential oils, volatile oils, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulation, and microbiota. Some EOs have demonstrated their efficacy against several foodborne pathogens in vitro and model food systems; namely, the inhibition of S. aureus, V. cholerae, and C. albicans has been observed. EOs have shown remarkable antioxidant activities when used at a dose range of 0.01 to 10 mg/mL in cell models, which can be attributed to their richness in phenolic compounds. Moreover, selected EOs exhibit immunomodulatory activities that have been mainly attributed to their ability to modify the secretion of cytokines.

scholarly journals Identifying Vancomycin as an Effective Antibiotic for KillingBorrelia burgdorferi

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqian Wu ◽  
Bijaya Sharma ◽  
Samantha Niles ◽  
Kathleen O'Connor ◽  
Rebecca Schilling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Peptidoglycan Synthesis ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Phase Culture

ABSTRACTBorrelia burgdorferiis the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Antibiotic therapy of early acute infection is effective for most patients, but 10 to 20% go on to develop posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The nature of PTLDS remains unknown, but currently approved antibiotics for the treatment of Lyme disease do not appear to impact these symptoms after they have developed. We reason that minimizing the time the pathogen interacts with the host will diminish the probability of developing PTLDS, irrespective of its nature. This calls for an efficient eradication of the pathogen during acute infection. In search of a superior killing antibiotic, we examined approved antibiotics for their ability to killB. burgdorferi. Vancomycin proved more effective in killing the pathogenin vitrothan ceftriaxone, the standard of care for disseminatedB. burgdorferiinfection. Both compounds were also the most effective in killing stationary-phase cells. This is surprising, given that inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis are known to only kill growing bacteria. We found that peptidoglycan synthesis continues in stationary-phase cells ofB. burgdorferi, explaining this paradox. A combination of vancomycin and gemifloxacin sterilized a stationary-phase culture ofB. burgdorferi. Examination of the action of antibiotics in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice showed that doxycycline, a standard of care for uncomplicated acute infection, did not clear the pathogen. In contrast, both ceftriaxone and vancomycin cleared the infection. A trial examining the early use of more potent antibiotics on the development of PTLDS may be warranted.

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