scholarly journals 2019-20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak: Intense surveillance is vital for preventing sustained transmission in new locations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Imported Case ◽  
The World ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mean Time

ABSTRACTThe outbreak of pneumonia originating in Wuhan, China, has generated 830 confirmed cases, including 26 deaths, as of 24 January 2020. The virus (2019-nCoV) has spread elsewhere in China and to other countries, including South Korea, Thailand, Japan and USA. Fortunately, there has not yet been evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission outside of China. Here we assess the risk of sustained transmission whenever the coronavirus arrives in other countries. Data describing the times from symptom onset to hospitalisation for 47 patients infected in the current outbreak are used to generate an estimate for the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human-to-human transmission. Under the assumptions that the imported case is representative of the patients in China, and that the 2019-nCoV is similarly transmissible to the SARS coronavirus, the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human-to-human transmission is 0.37. However, if the mean time from symptom onset to hospitalisation can be halved by intense surveillance, then the probability that an imported case leads to sustained transmission is only 0.005. This emphasises the importance of current surveillance efforts in countries around the world, to ensure that the ongoing outbreak will not become a large global epidemic.

scholarly journals Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China, 2020: Intense Surveillance Is Vital for Preventing Sustained Transmission in New Locations

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Imported Case ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Mean Time

The outbreak of pneumonia originating in Wuhan, China, has generated 24,500 confirmed cases, including 492 deaths, as of 5 February 2020. The virus (2019-nCoV) has spread elsewhere in China and to 24 countries, including South Korea, Thailand, Japan and USA. Fortunately, there has only been limited human-to-human transmission outside of China. Here, we assess the risk of sustained transmission whenever the coronavirus arrives in other countries. Data describing the times from symptom onset to hospitalisation for 47 patients infected early in the current outbreak are used to generate an estimate for the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human-to-human transmission. Under the assumptions that the imported case is representative of the patients in China, and that the 2019-nCoV is similarly transmissible to the SARS coronavirus, the probability that an imported case is followed by sustained human-to-human transmission is 0.41 (credible interval [0.27, 0.55]). However, if the mean time from symptom onset to hospitalisation can be halved by intense surveillance, then the probability that an imported case leads to sustained transmission is only 0.012 (credible interval [0, 0.099]). This emphasises the importance of current surveillance efforts in countries around the world, to ensure that the ongoing outbreak will not become a global pandemic.

Development of a commercial price schedule for producers and processors of lambs

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mean Time

Equations were developed to predict the weight of trimmed retail (bone-in) cuts, trim, fat and bone from 321 lamb carcasses, ranging in carcass weight from 4.8 to 26.8 kg and in fat depth at the GR site (12th rib) from 1 to 31 mm. For commercial application, the equations were developed using a multiple regression program with the predictors carcass weight and GR. All equations explained a large amount of the variation in component weights (r2 = 0.76-0.99). A time and motion study using 172 carcasses showed that the times required to butcher carcasses of low fat (score 1 and 2) were similar. Likewise the mean time taken to butcher score 3 carcasses was similar to that of score 1 carcasses. However, it took significantly longer (P<0.05) to butcher score 3 carcasses than score 2 carcasses, and score 4 and 5 carcasses than score 3 carcasses. In addition, the mean times taken to butcher score 4 and 5 carcasses were significantly different (P< 0.05). By using multiple regression analysis it was shown that carcass weight, fatscore, their interaction and the butcher all significantly affected the butchering time. The findings of this work are discussed as they apply to the commercial development of price schedules and show that, when based on yield, lean heavy carcasses are more profitable for processing.

scholarly journals Controlled thawing of foods

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hoke ◽  
L. Klíma ◽  
R. Grée ◽  
M. Houška
Keyword(s):  
Power Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mean Time

The various ways of thawing of model food made for comparison of these processes from point of view of duration. The experiments were conducted under condition that the surface temperature of the thawed food did not overcome 15°C. Shortest mean time of thawing was achieved for vacuum-steam thawing. Regarding to the regime chosen the time of thawing varied between 18.4–29 min. The similar process of vacuum thawing with steam generated from hot water placed below the food was also successful. For this process the mean time of thawing was predicted between 30.5 and 35 min. If the starting temperature of the water was below the boiling point at vacuum level in the chamber the time of thawing was much longer (about 49 min). For hot air thawing we have tested two regimes with temperature of air 50 and 70°C. For both air temperatures the times of thawing were similar being 52.1 and 53.6 min, respectively. Microwave thawing was depending on the power of microwave oven. The time of thawing was achieved 28.9 min at power level 1, at power level “thawing” the process duration was 34.4 min.

scholarly journals COVID-19 MOST AFFECTED AGE GROUPS AND LETHALITY IN EUROPE

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Very High ◽  
Age Of Death

Introduction: The outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19; previously known as 2019-nCoV) was the beginning of one of the largest and most critical COVID-19 clusters in the world since late December 2019. Despite intensive prevention measures, the epidemic tends to propagate and the number of patients infected is growing. The case-fatality incidence was very high and is driven by very elderly people. Methods: in this study, we collected data from the (Covidgraph.com) database as the number of infection cases in the world reached 2736188 infections and the number of recovery cases reached 751805 and the number of deaths reached 191423.Results: it turns out that the virus infects older people and the older a person is, the higher the chance of infection with the virus. Results from this analysis the mean age of death is 78 years. Data from 106,399 cases and 12,550 deaths in Italy, to 2 April. In Spain, they are based on 7 April, 88,144 cases, and 3,479 deaths. There were less than 80 deaths in patients younger than 50 years of age. Conclusion: Coronavirus is a global epidemic, and it's hard to control, and it's not enough to prevent people from spreading the virus. The age groups most vulnerable to lethality are shown in this paper, in Italy, the virus destroys people over 75 years of age, In Spain, however, the virus destroys people aged over 85 Taking into account numerous comorbidities, including psychiatric, cerebrovascular, endocrine, metabolic, and respiratory disorders.

Abstract TP232: A Biomarker Algorithm that Represents Time from Stroke Symptom Onset

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle N Doll ◽  
Steven D Brooks ◽  
Stephanie L Rellick ◽  
Reyna L VanGilder ◽  
Alan Cantor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
Stroke Severity ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Clinical Covariates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Background and Purpose: Time of onset is critical when treating ischemic stroke (IS). The purpose of this project was to investigate the use of our 9 gene profile to develop a biomarker algorithm that represents time from stroke onset for use in the clinical setting to improve utilization of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and streamline appropriate secondary prevention. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from n=34 IS patients’ ≥18 years of age within 24 hours from symptom onset and 24-48 hours later. Total RNA was extracted from whole blood in Paxgene RNA tubes, amplified, and hybridized to Illumina HumanRef-8v2 bead chips. Gene expression was compared in a univariate manner between patients at both time points using t -test in GeneSpring. Inflation of type one error was corrected by Bonferroni. A linear regression was used to model the change in gene expression as a linear function of time when controlling for age. Results: The mean age of the sample was 71.9± (14.6 sd ) years. Mean time from symptom onset to acute blood draw was 9:29± (6:2 sd ) hours (range 2:35-23:02); to follow up blood draw was 29:24± (7.1 sd ) hours (range 18:45-43:30); and time between acute and follow up blood draw was 19:55± (3.3 sd ) hours (range 13:30-27:32). CA4 and ARG1 expression significantly decreased >1.5 fold, and LY96 expression by >2-fold between baseline and follow up. This decrease in expression was associated with an increase from time of stroke onset and remained significant for only LY96 expression when controlling for age. ARG1 and CA4 expression were significantly lower in older patients. Conclusions: Our profile provides evidence that the expression of LY96 , CA4 , and ARG1 in the peripheral blood may serve as a surrogate for determining the time of stroke onset. In clinical practice, an algorithm based on this biomarker profile and other clinical covariates could be used when time of onset is unknown. To increase the accuracy of our biomarker algorithm, it will be important to determine the effects of age, stroke severity, and other clinical covariates on the expression of these genes over time.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of different genotypes of rice to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1885 attack (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane Colares ◽  
Rafael G. Dionello ◽  
Lauri L. Radunz
Keyword(s):  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Susceptibility Index ◽  
The World ◽  
Stored Grains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza spp.), the most important cereal in the world, is grown and consumed in all continents. Brazil is among the top ten producing countries. Stored grains can be attacked by pests (rodents, insects, fungi and mites) that cause serious qualitative and quantitative losses. Because of these losses, one way to alleviate the problem caused by insects during rice storage is the use of resistant materials (grains). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate grains from nine different genotypes of rice, in order to identify the existence of materials less susceptible to the attack of Sitophilus zeamais, during 180 days of storage. The mean time of biological cycle (days), susceptibility index (IS) and the number of weevils emerged were evaluated. According to the results, grains of the genotypes IRGA 426 and Puitá were the most susceptible and the genotypes BR-IRGA 409, IRGA 424, IRGA 425 and IRGA 427 were the least susceptible to the attack of Sitophilus zeamais.

scholarly journals IV. A letter from the Reverend Mr. Edmond Barrel, rector of Sutton in Kent, to Sir Hans Sloane, Baronet, President of the Royal Society and the College of Physicians, concer­ning the propagation of misselto

1727 ◽  
Vol 34 (397) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

It hath been my purpose, ever since the Death of our late worthy Friend Mr. Hill , to communicate to you, (if you would please to accept of it) an Account of the Growth of Misselto from the Seed: and I have delayed it from Year to Year, not only to be better assured in my Experiments, and to find whether the World had not already, or would not be in the mean Time, better informed of this, by some other Hand: But I was also in hopes to have been to successful some Year of other, as to have been able, to send you and the Royal Society , some Specimens of the seedling Plants, both of the first and second Years growth together.

A bounded growth population subjected to emigrations due to population pressure

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 571-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Trajstman
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Time To Extinction ◽  
Mean Time To Extinction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Negative Exponential ◽  
Mean Time

A model is presented for a bounded growth population subjected to random-sized emigrations that occur due to population pressure. The deterministic growth component examined in detail is defined by a Prendiville process. Results are obtained for the times between emigration events and for the population increase between emigrations. Some information is obtained about the mean time to extinction and also for the mean population level when the emigration-size distribution is negative exponential.

scholarly journals Comparative study on long term climate data sources over South Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Ik Kim ◽  
Dawei Han
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The World ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Global Datasets ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Long term climate data are vitally important in reliably assessing water resources and water related hazards, but in-situ observations are generally sparse in space and limited in time. Although there are several global datasets available as substitutes, there is a lack of comparative studies about their suitability in different parts of the world. In this study, to find out the reliable century-long climate dataset in South Korea, we first evaluate multi-decadal reanalyses (ERA-20 cm, ERA-20c, ERA-40 and NOAA 20th century reanalysis (20CR)) and gridded observations (CRUv3.23 and GPCCv7) for monthly mean precipitation and temperature. In the temporal and statistical comparisons, CRUv3.23 and GPCCv7 for precipitation and ERA-40 for temperature perform the best, and ERA-20c and 20CR also indicate meaningful agreements. For ERA-20 cm, it has only a statistical agreement, but the mean has the difficulty in representing its ensemble. This paper also shows that the applicability of each dataset may vary by region and all products should be locally adjusted before being applied in climate impact assessments. These findings not only help to fill in the knowledge gaps about these datasets in South Korea but also provide a useful guideline for the applicability of the global datasets in different parts of the world.

Hotel Space Design and Planning and the Trend in its Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 255-260 ◽  
pp. 1512-1517
Author(s):  
Gao Min Shi
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Space Design ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mean Time

The design and planning of hotel space should be based on the survival and development of hotels. The designer should try to make his design and planning comprehensive and accurate, highlighting the function and features of the targeted hotel space. In the mean time, the designer, when designing and planning the hotel space, should keep up closely with the times, follow the trend in which traditional culture converges and integrates with modern civilization, insist on people foremost, make scientific analysis and appraisal, integrate various resources, so as to maximize the value of a hotel and enhance its vitality and competitiveness in markets.

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