scholarly journals Respiratory and Gut Microbiota in Commercial Turkey Flocks with Disparate Weight Gain Trajectories Display Differential Compositional Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara J.M. Taylor ◽  
John M. Ngunjiri ◽  
Michael C. Abundo ◽  
Hyesun Jang ◽  
Mohamed Elaish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Brood Stage ◽  
Commercial Turkey ◽  
Respiratory Microbiota

ABSTRACTHost-associated communities of bacteria (microbiota) substantially contribute to the overall poultry health and performance. Gut microbiota are known to play roles in resistance to pathogen infection and optimal weight gain in turkey flocks. However, knowledge of turkey respiratory microbiota and its link to gut microbiota is lacking. This study presents a 16S rRNA gene-based census of the turkey respiratory microbiota (nasal cavity and trachea) alongside gut microbiota (cecum and ileum) in two identical commercial Hybrid Converter turkey flocks raised in parallel under typical field commercial conditions. The flocks were housed in adjacent barns during the brood stage and in geographically separated farms during the grow-out stage. Several bacterial taxa that were acquired in the respiratory tract (RT) at the beginning of the brood stage persisted throughout the flock cycle, primarily Staphylococcus. Late-emerging predominant taxa in RT included Deinococcus and Corynebacterium. Tracheal and nasal microbiota of turkeys were identifiably distinct from one another and from gut microbiota. Nevertheless, gut and RT microbiota changed in parallel over time and appeared to share many taxa. During the brood stage, the two flocks generally acquired similar gut and RT microbiota, and their average body weights were comparable. Separating the flocks during the grow-out stage resulted in divergent microbial profiles and body weight gain trajectories. Lower weight gain corresponded with emergence of Deinococcus and Ornithobacterium in RT, and Fusobacterium and Parasutterella in gut. This study provides an overview of turkey microbiota under field conditions and suggests several hypotheses concerning the respiratory microbiome.IMPORTANCETurkey meat is an important source of animal protein, and the industry around its production contributes significantly to the agricultural economy. The nonpathogenic symbionts present in the gut of turkeys are known to impact bird health and flock performance. However, the respiratory microbiota in turkeys are entirely unexplored. This study has elucidated the microbiota of respiratory tracts of turkeys from two commercial flocks raised in parallel throughout a normal flock cycle. Further, the study suggests that bacteria originating in the gut or in poultry house environments may influence respiratory communities and consequently induce poor performance, either directly or indirectly. Future attempts to develop microbiome-based interventions for turkey health should delimit the contributions of respiratory microbiota and aim to limit disturbances to those communities.

scholarly journals Respiratory and Gut Microbiota in Commercial Turkey Flocks with Disparate Weight Gain Trajectories Display Differential Compositional Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara J. M. Taylor ◽  
John M. Ngunjiri ◽  
Michael C. Abundo ◽  
Hyesun Jang ◽  
Mohamed Elaish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Brood Stage ◽  
Commercial Turkey ◽  
Respiratory Microbiota

ABSTRACT Communities of gut bacteria (microbiota) are known to play roles in resistance to pathogen infection and optimal weight gain in turkey flocks. However, knowledge of turkey respiratory microbiota and its link to gut microbiota is lacking. This study presents a 16S rRNA gene-based census of the turkey respiratory microbiota (nasal cavity and trachea) alongside gut microbiota (cecum and ileum) in two identical commercial Hybrid Converter turkey flocks raised in parallel under typical field commercial conditions. The flocks were housed in adjacent barns during the brood stage and in geographically separated farms during the grow-out stage. Several bacterial taxa, primarily Staphylococcus, that were acquired in the respiratory tract at the beginning of the brood stage persisted throughout the flock cycle. Late-emerging predominant taxa in the respiratory tract included Deinococcus and Corynebacterium. Tracheal and nasal microbiota of turkeys were identifiably distinct from one another and from gut microbiota. Nevertheless, gut and respiratory microbiota changed in parallel over time and appeared to share many taxa. During the brood stage, the two flocks generally acquired similar gut and respiratory microbiota, and their average body weights were comparable. However, there were qualitative and quantitative differences in microbial profiles and body weight gain trajectories after the flocks were transferred to geographically separated grow-out farms. Lower weight gain corresponded to the emergence of Deinococcus and Ornithobacterium in the respiratory tract and Fusobacterium and Parasutterella in gut. This study provides an overview of turkey microbiota under field conditions and suggests several hypotheses concerning the respiratory microbiome. IMPORTANCE Turkey meat is an important source of animal protein, and the industry around its production contributes significantly to the agricultural economy. The microorganisms present in the gut of turkeys are known to impact bird health and flock performance. However, the respiratory microbiota in turkeys is entirely unexplored. This study has elucidated the microbiota of respiratory tracts of turkeys from two commercial flocks raised in parallel throughout a normal flock cycle. Further, the study suggests that bacteria originating in the gut or in poultry house environments influence respiratory communities; consequently, they induce poor performance, either directly or indirectly. Future attempts to develop microbiome-based interventions for turkey health should delimit the contributions of respiratory microbiota and aim to limit disturbances to those communities.

Social rank of pregnant sows affects their body weight gain and behavior and performance of the offspring1,2

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kranendonk ◽  
H. Van der Mheen ◽  
M. Fillerup ◽  
H. Hopster
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Dampak Pemberian Mikroenkapsulasi Minyak Ikan dalam Pakan terhadap Kolesterol Darah dan Performa pada Domba

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesha Ade Riemas ◽  
Iman Hernaman ◽  
Diky Ramdani ◽  
Bambang Nurhadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Affect Body Weight ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRAK. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengukur seberapa besar pengaruh minyak ikan yang sudah terenkapsulasi terhadap kolesterol darah dan performa pada Domba. Penelitian telah dilakukan di Sub Unit Pelayanan Pengembangan Pembibitan Ternak Domba dan Kambing (SUPPPTDK) Bunihayu, Subang pada tanggal 20 Januari 2020 sampai 27 Maret 2020. Sebanyak 18 ekor domba Ekor Tipis jantan dengan bobot 15,99±0,98 kg dialokasikan ke dalam 3 perlakuan secara acak. Domba tersebut diberi ransum perlakuan yang disuplementasi dengan mikroenkapsulasi minyak ikan sebanyak 0% (P0), 2,5% (P1), dan 5% (P2). Data yang terkumpul dilakukan analisis ragam dan bila hasil berbeda nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa mikroenkapsulasi minyak ikan dapat menurunkan kolesterol darah (P0,05), namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi dan konversi ransum (P0,05). Penurunan kadar kolesterol terjadi pada kelompok domba dengan perlakuan mikroenkapsulasi sebanyak 2,5% (P1) dan mikroenkapsulasi 5% (P2). Kadar kolesterol darah masing-masing perlakuan berturut-turut adalah 100,70 mg/dl (P0); 96,20 mg/dl (P1); dan 78,76 mg/dl (P2). Rataan yang terbaik pada pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi bahan kering harian, dan konversi ransum terdapat pada P2 yaitu 63,96 g/hari, 574,13 g/hari, dan 9,08. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa mikroenkapsulasi minyak ikan dapat menurunkan kolesterol darah, dengan penurunan tertinggi pada pemberian 5%.  (The impact of microencapsulation fish oil in feed on blood cholesterols and performance on sheep) ABSTRAK. This study measured the effect of encapsulated fish oil on blood cholesterol and sheep performance. The study was conducted at the Bunihayu Sheep and Goat Breeding Services Bunihayu, Subang on January 20, 2020 to March 27, 2020. A total of 18 male thin-tailed sheep 15.99±0.98 kg were allocated randomly into 3 treatments. The sheep were given feed supplemented with fish oil microencapsulation of 0% (P0), 2.5% (P1), and 5% (P2). The data were collected and analyzed by analysis of variance and, if the result is significantly different, continued by Duncan's test. The results showed that fish oil microencapsulation decreased blood cholesterol levels (P0.05). However, it did not affect body weight gain, consumption, and feed conversion (P0.05). Decreased levels of cholesterol occurred in the group of sheep with 2.5% microencapsulation (P1) and 5% microencapsulation (P2). Blood cholesterol levels of each treatment were 100.70 mg/dl (P0); 96.20 mg/dl (P1); and 78.76 mg/dl (P2), respectively. Averagely, the highest body weight gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion were found in P2 as much as 63.96 g/day, 574.13 g/day, and 9.08, respectively. The results can be concluded that microencapsulation of fish oil can reduce blood cholesterol, with the highest decrease at the level of 5%.

scholarly journals Yoghurt Consumption is Associated With Transient Changes in the Composition of the Human Gut Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Ivanne Le Roy ◽  
Alexander Kurilshikov ◽  
Emily Leeming ◽  
Alessia Visconti ◽  
Ruth Bowyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing

Abstract Background: Yoghurt contains live bacteria that could contribute via modulation of the gut microbiota to its reported beneficial effects such as reduced body weight gain and lower incidence of type 2 diabetes. To date, the association between yoghurt consumption and the composition of the gut microbiota is underexplored. Here we used clinical variables, metabolomics, 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomic sequencing data collected on over 1000 predominantly female UK twins to define the link between the gut microbiota and yoghurt-associated health benefits. Results: According to food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), 73% of subjects consumed yoghurt. Consumers presented a healthier diet pattern (healthy eating index: beta = 2.17±0.34; P = 2.72x10-10) and improved metabolic health characterised by reduced visceral fat (beta = -28.18±11.71 g; P = 0.01). According to 16S rRNA gene analyses and whole shotgun metagenomic sequencing approach consistent taxonomic variations were observed with yoghurt consumption. More specifically, we identified higher abundance of species used as yoghurt starters Streptococcus thermophilus (beta = 0.41±0.051; P = 6.14x10-12) and sometimes added Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (beta = 0.30±0.052; P = 1.49x10-8) in the gut of yoghurt consumers. Replication in 1103 volunteers from the LifeLines-DEEP cohort confirmed the increase of S. thermophilus among yoghurt consumers. Using food records collected the day prior to faecal sampling we showed that increase in these two yoghurt bacteria could be transient. Metabolomics analysis revealed that B. animalis subsp. lactis was associated with 13 faecal metabolites including a 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, known to be involved in the regulation of gut inflammation.Conclusions: Yoghurt consumption is associated with reduced visceral fat mass and changes in gut microbiome including transient increase of yoghurt-contained species (i.e. S. thermophilus and B. lactis).

scholarly journals Dietary Proteins Relevant to Human Consumption Impact the Development of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Association with Major Changes in the Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model (OR27-03-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noëmie Daniel ◽  
Béatrice Choi ◽  
Vanessa Houde ◽  
Thibault Varin ◽  
Cecile Vors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Dietary Proteins ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Animal models fed a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet are commonly used to study obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. While much attention is paid to the impact of fat and carbohydrates sources, very little consideration is given to the composition of dietary proteins. Indeed, casein is often the only source of protein in rodent's diet. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a dietary protein mix that is more relevant to typical intakes of proteins in humans and its influences on body weight gain, metabolic health and gut microbiota. Methods Our new diet contained a mix of 10 protein sources based on NHANES data that were incorporated into low-fat low-sucrose (LFLS) and HFHS diets. C57BL/6J mice were fed these diets or control diets containing identical amounts of casein as the only source of protein for 12 weeks. Feces were collected for gut microbiota investigation, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed and tissues were harvested for analysis of insulin signaling and mTOR/S6K1 activation. Results 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples showed that both LFLS and HFHS mice fed the protein mix had increased gut microbiota diversity, and significant changes in the relative abundance of several bacterial species (higher Adlercreutzia or Tyzzerella, lower Bacteroides or Akkermansia) as compared to mice fed casein only. Importantly, inclusion of the protein mix amplified the effects of the HFHS diet on the development of obesity, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia as compared to casein-fed animals, whereas no difference was observed in the context of LFLS feeding. Evaluation of insulin signaling in the liver also revealed that the protein mix potentiated the effect of HFHS feeding on the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway, increasing inhibitory phosphorylation of IRS-1 on Ser1101 and leading to further impairment of Akt activation by insulin. Conclusions Our results reveal that compared to pure casein, feeding a protein mixture causes major changes in the gut microbiota profile and greater impact on HFHS-induced obesity and associated metabolic impairments. This study illustrates the importance of considering a diverse source of dietary proteins when using laboratory animal models to more reliably reproduce the development of metabolic syndrome in humans, and to enhance the clinical relevance of nutritional and therapeutic interventions. Funding Sources N/A.

A Study to Develop Methodology for Feeding 24-Hour-Old Neonatal Swine for 3 Weeks

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wedig ◽  
Mildred S. Christian ◽  
Alan Hoberman ◽  
Robert M. Diener ◽  
Rita Thomas-Wedig
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
System Development ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group 2

Pediatric evaluations are useful only when the animal model and human neonate have similar timing in system development. The objective of this study was to compare the growth of 24-hour-old swine provided 3 different feeding regimens of a simulated sow milk formula for 3 weeks. Three groups of three swine per sex were used. Group 1 was fed every 4 hours for weeks 1 through 3. Group 2 was fed every 3 hours during week 1 and every 4 hours during weeks 2 and 3. Group 3 (as close to ad libitum as possible) was fed every 2 hours for the first 2 days; every 2.5 hours for the next 2 days; every 3 hours for the next 3 days; and every 4 hours during weeks 2 and 3. No mortality occurred. Body weights were within normal limits. Organ weights, physical and ophthahnologic examinations, hematology and serum chemistry parameters, gross necropsy observations, and microscopic evaluation of the brain, liver, and kidneys were not affected by the three feeding regimens. Day 21 body weight gain of group 3 was greater than that for groups 1 or 2. Mean formula consumption (ounces/day) over 21 days was significantly increased ( p <.01) for group 3 (males and combined sexes) compared to the two other groups, supporting the greater weight gain of group 3 versus groups 1 and 2 over the 21-day feeding period. Body weights of the piglets fed simulated sow milk and historical control 21-day-old suckling pigs were within the same range. Only the labor-intensive feeding of simulated sow milk in a regimen close to ad libitum produced maximal weight gain in 24-hour-old piglets during the initial 3 weeks postpartum.

scholarly journals A new way for punicalagin to alleviate insulin resistance: regulating gut microbiota and autophagy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Cao ◽  
Guofeng Ren ◽  
Yahui Zhang ◽  
Hong Qin ◽  
Xin An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Pomegranate Juice ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorder

Background: Insulin resistance, defined as a diminished ability to respond to the stimulation of insulin, is the main line for a variety of metabolic-related diseases. Punicalagin (PU), a hydrolyzable tannin of pomegranate juice, exhibits multiple biological properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective: This research study aimed at determining the protective effect of PU on insulin resistance and to uncover the underlying mechanism based on the gut microbiota, IKKβ/NF-κB pathway, and autophagy. Design: An insulin resistance animal model was established using C57BL/6 mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The model included two groups continuing a HFD for 12 weeks with or without administering via gavage with PU 20 mg/kg/day. Changes in fasting plasma glucose levels, fasting serum insulin levels, glucose and insulin tolerance, glycolipid metabolism, gut microbiota composition (16S rRNA gene sequencing), inflammatory responses, and autophagy in the liver were evaluated. Body weight gain, glycolipid metabolic disorder, liver injury, as well as systemic and hepatic insulin sensitivity, were significantly attenuated after supplementing with PU. Results: This research study revealed that PU alleviated HFD-induced glucose and lipid disorders, liver injury and insulin resistance; decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio, decreased the abundance of Coprococcus and Anaerotruncus, and increased Rikenellaceae; and decreased serum and liver tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β levels, inhibited liver IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation; and increased liver autophagy-related proteins LC3-II, P62, and Beclin1, and increased the number of liver autophagosomes. Conclusion: PU can improve HFD-induced insulin resistance, improved liver glucose and lipid metabolism disorder and liver injury, and the potential mechanism is that PU inhibited the IKKβ/NF-κB inflammatory pathway by regulating gut microbiota homeostasis and up-regulating liver autophagy

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DIETARY INORGANIC CYANIDE (KCN) ON PLACENTAL THIOCYANATE TRANSFER, TISSUE RIIODANESE ACTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE OF RATS DURING GESTATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
O. Q. Tewe ◽  
J. H. Maner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Thiocyanate Excretion ◽  
And Performance

Thirty two bred rats were allotted to two diets to investigate the influence of non-addition or addition of 1000 ppm KCN to cassava — soybean diets on thiocyanate concentrations, tissue rhodanese activity and performance parameters. KCN caus­ed a non-significant (P>0.05) depres­sion in body weight gain but had no effect on weights of liver, kidney and placenta, nor on number and weight of 19 day old foetus. High (1000 ppm) KCN level caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in urinary thiocyanate excretion of thiocyanate. It however had no marked effect on serum protein bound 'iodine, ammiotic fluid thiocyanitte, rhodanese activity of foetal and material tissues nor on foetal thio­cyanate concentration.

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