scholarly journals Ontogenetic and static allometry of hind femur length in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with implications for evo-devo of morphological scaling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakke Sameli Neiro
Keyword(s):  
Current Model ◽  
Hind Femur ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Femur Length ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Static Allometry

AbstractThe evolution of morphological allometry or scaling is a long-standing enigma in biology. Three types of allometric relationships have been defined: static, ontogenetic and evolutionary allometry. However, the theory of the interrelationship between these three types of allometry have not been tested in Orthopterans and to a lesser extent in hemimetabolous insects. Here, the ontogenetic allometry of hind femur length in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus was observed to be slightly positive as compared with a negative allometric relationship for Orthopterans in general, while the instar-specific static allometries were highly variable. The findings give support for the size-grain hypothesis in Orthoptera and indicate that ontogenetic allometries may not predict evolutionary allometries. The current model for the developmental basis of allometry derived from holometabolous insects is extended into a phylogenetic context and the potential of G. bimaculatus and other Orthopterans for further experiments of evo-devo of morphological scaling is discussed.

Allometric relationships between embryonic heart rate and fresh egg mass in birds

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tazawa ◽  
J.T. Pearson ◽  
T. Komoro ◽  
A. Ar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Embryonic Heart ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Precocial Birds

Previously, we have measured daily changes (developmental patterns) in embryonic heart rate (fh) in altricial and semi-altricial (ASA) birds (range of mean fresh egg mass approximately 1–20 g), semi-precocial seabirds (egg mass approximately 38–288 g) and precocial birds (egg mass approximately 6–1400 g). An allometric relationship between embryonic fh at 80 % of incubation duration (ID) and fresh egg mass (M) has been derived for six species of precocial bird (fh at 80 % ID=429M(−0.118)). In the present study, additional measurements of embryonic fh in three ASA species, the barn owl Tyto alba, the cattle egret Bubulcus ibis and the lanner falcon Falco biarmicus, were made to extend the egg mass range (20–41 g), and the allometric relationships of embryonic fh for these ASA birds and the precocial and semi-precocial (PSP) groups were investigated from published data. The developmental patterns of embryonic fh in three relatively large ASA species did not show a significant increase prior to the pipping period, unlike those in small ASA birds, but tended to be constant, with a subsequent increase during pipping. The allometric relationship derived for ASA birds was fh at 80 % ID=371M(−0.121) (r=−0.846, P<0.001, N=20) and that for PSP birds was fh at 80 % ID=433M(−0.121) (r=−0.963, P<0.001, N=13). The slopes were parallel, but fh of ASA embryos was low compared with that of PSP embryos with the same egg mass. In ASA birds, embyronic fh was maximal during the pipping (perinatal) period, and the maximum fh (fh(max)) was significantly related to fresh egg mass: fh(max)=440M(−0.127) (r=−0.840, P<0.001, N=20). The allometric relationships for fh at 80 % ID in PSP and fh(max) in ASA embryos were statistically identical. Accordingly, embryonic fh at 80 % ID in PSP birds and fh(max) during pipping in ASA birds can be expressed by a single allometric equation: fh=437M(−0.123) (r=−0.948, P<0.001, N=33).

Evolutionary negative allometry of orthopteran hind femur length is a general phenomenon

Zoomorphology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio J. Bidau ◽  
Pablo A. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Hind Femur ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Femur Length

scholarly journals Genetical studies on growth and form in the fowl 1. Phenotypic variation in the relative growth pattern of shank length and body-weight

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Cock
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Limits Of Error ◽  
Static Allometry

Body-weight and shank length from 2 weeks of age to adult (and from 8 weeks onwards, shank width) have been measured on 154 fowls all hatched on the same date, belonging to two F1 breed crosses: White Leghorn × Rhode Island Red (L × R) and Indian Game × Light Sussex (G × S). After logarithmic transformation the data have first been analysed cross-sectionally (analysis of the age-means for each sex and cross). A longitudinal analysis (fitting a regression line to the data of each individual) has then been made of the approximately linear portions of the curves. The following conclusions are drawn.(1) Growth in shank length relative to body-weight between 2 and 10 weeks conforms closely to simple allometry. The coefficient of ontogenetic allometry (heter-auxesis), k, is approximately 0·4, being 0·02 higher in L × R than in G × S and 0·05 higher in males than in females. In females k declines (eventually to zero) after 10 weeks; the decline occurs about 4 weeks later in males. For shank width relative to body-weight k is about 0·25.(2) At a given body-weight males have longer and thicker shanks than females; L × R have longer but thinner shanks than G × S.(3) Within sexes and crosses there is highly significant individual variation in k, but the allometry lines do not pass, within the limits of error, through any single point. This implies that variation in relative shank length is complex in its ontogenetic origin.(4) There is no appreciable correlation within sexes and crosses between shank width and shank length at a given body-weight; this implies (as does (2)) that variation is also complex anatomically.(5) Differences in shape and rate-of-change of shape contribute only a small part of the total variation within sexes and crosses; most is due to differences in general size and general growth rate.(6) Shank width at a given body-weight is positively correlated with body-weight at a given age (r = + 0·36 within sexes and crosses). This agrees with the finding that the coefficient of static allometry (allomorphosis) for shank width is much higher than the ontogenetic coefficient. For shank length the ontogenetic and static coefficients are approximately the same.

scholarly journals Walk the line: 600000 years of molar evolution constrained by allometry in the fossil rodent Mimomys savini

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1649) ◽  
pp. 20140057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Firmat ◽  
Iván Lozano-Fernández ◽  
Jordi Agustí ◽  
Geir H. Bolstad ◽  
Gloria Cuenca-Bescós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Dental Measurements ◽  
Lower Molar

The allometric-constraint hypothesis states that evolutionary divergence of morphological traits is restricted by integrated growth regulation. In this study, we test this hypothesis on a time-calibrated and well-documented palaeontological sequence of dental measurements on the Pleistocene arvicoline rodent species Mimomys savini from the Iberian Peninsula. Based on 507 specimens representing nine populations regularly spaced over 600 000 years, we compare static (within-population) and evolutionary (among-population) allometric slopes between the width and the length of the first lower molar. We find that the static allometric slope remains evolutionary stable and predicts the evolutionary allometry quite well. These results support the hypothesis that the macroevolutionary divergence of molar traits is constrained by static allometric relationships.

Tales of schizomid tails: patterns in schizomid flagellum shape from elliptical Fourier analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Kallal ◽  
Gustavo Silva de Miranda ◽  
Erika L. Garcia ◽  
Hannah M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Taxonomic Classification ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Outline Shape ◽  
Elliptical Fourier Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry

AbstractThe arachnid order Schizomida is a relatively understudied group of soil-dwelling predators found on all continents except Antarctica. While efforts to understand their biology are growing, there is still much to know about them. A curious aspect of their morphology is the male flagellum, a sexually dimorphic, tail-like structure which differs in shape across the order and functions in their courtship rituals. The flagellar shape is important for taxonomic classification, yet few efforts have been made to examine shape diversity across the group. Using elliptical Fourier analysis, a type of geometric morphometrics based on outline shape, we quantified shape differences across a combined nearly 550 outlines in the dorsal and lateral views, categorizing them based on genus, family, biogeographic realm, and habitat, with special emphasis on Caribbean and Cuban fauna. We tested for allometric relationships, differences in disparity based on locations and sizes in morphospace among these categories, and for clusters of shapes in morphospace. We found multiple differences in all categories despite apparent overlaps in morphospace, evolutionary allometry, and evidence for discrete clusters in some flagellum shapes. This study can serve as a foundation for further study on the evolution, diversification, and taxonomic utility of the male flagellum.

scholarly journals Sensory adaptations reshaped intrinsic factors underlying morphological diversification in bats

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Arbour ◽  
A. A. Curtis ◽  
S. E. Santana
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Biological Form ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Sensory Adaptations

Abstract Background Morphological evolution may be impacted by both intrinsic (developmental, constructional, physiological) and extrinsic (ecological opportunity and release) factors, but can intrinsic factors be altered by adaptive evolution and, if so, do they constrain or facilitate the subsequent diversification of biological form? Bats underwent deep adaptive divergences in skull shape as they evolved different sensory modes; here we investigate the potential impact of this process on two intrinsic factors that underlie morphological variation across organisms, allometry, and modularity. Results We use comparative phylogenetic and morphometric approaches to examine patterns of evolutionary allometry and modularity across a 3D geometric morphometric dataset spanning all major bat clades. We show that allometric relationships diverge between echolocators and visually oriented non-echolocators and that the evolution of nasal echolocation reshaped the modularity of the bat cranium. Conclusions Shifts in allometry and modularity may have significant consequences on the diversification of anatomical structures, as observed in the bat skull.

scholarly journals A highly conserved ontogenetic limb allometry and its evolutionary significance in the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1953) ◽  
pp. 20210226
Author(s):  
Nathalie Feiner ◽  
Illiam S. C. Jackson ◽  
Eliane Van der Cruyssen ◽  
Tobias Uller
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry

Diversifications often proceed along highly conserved, evolutionary trajectories. These patterns of covariation arise in ontogeny, which raises the possibility that adaptive morphologies are biased towards trait covariations that resemble growth trajectories. Here, we test this prediction in the diverse clade of Anolis lizards by investigating the covariation of embryonic growth of 13 fore- and hindlimb bones in 15 species, and compare these to the evolutionary covariation of these limb bones across 267 Anolis species. Our results demonstrate that species differences in relative limb length are established already at hatching, and are resulting from both differential growth and differential sizes of cartilaginous anlagen. Multivariate analysis revealed that Antillean Anolis share a common ontogenetic allometry that is characterized by positive allometric growth of the long bones relative to metapodial and phalangeal bones. This major axis of ontogenetic allometry in limb bones deviated from the major axis of evolutionary allometry of the Antillean Anolis and the two clades of mainland Anolis lizards. These results demonstrate that the remarkable diversification of locomotor specialists in Anolis lizards are accessible through changes that are largely independent from ontogenetic growth trajectories, and therefore likely to be the result of modifications that manifest at the earliest stages of limb development.

Allometry in the terminal velocity – dispersal architecture relationship explains variation in dispersal and offspring provisioning strategies in wind dispersed Asteraceae species

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samiya Tabassum ◽  
Stephen P. Bonser
Keyword(s):  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Provisioning Strategies ◽  
Drop Time ◽  
Allocation Strategies ◽  
Do So

Competition can simultaneously favour high dispersal ability (to transport offspring to more favourable habitats) and large seed size (to maximise offspring provisioning). In wind dispersed Asteraceae species, seeds are enclosed within an achene with hair-like projections from the achene form a pappus that acts as a parachute to aid in dispersal. There is potentially an allometric relationship between terminal velocity and pappus to achene volume ratio (dispersal architecture), with changes in dispersal architecture resulting in disproportionately high or low impacts on terminal velocity. We tested the hypothesis that competition induces shifts in dispersal architecture depending on the allometric relationship between terminal velocity and dispersal architecture. We estimated dispersal architecture of diaspores from seven wind dispersed Asteraceae species from environments with low and high neighbour densities. We also estimated diaspore terminal velocity for a subset of these species by recording drop time in a 2 m tube. Diaspores of one species had dispersal architecture promoting higher dispersal under high neighbour density, diaspores of two species had dispersal architecture promoting lower dispersal under high neighbour density, and dispersal architecture was not significantly different between high and low density environments for four of the species. Species showed a common allometric relationship between terminal velocity and dispersal architecture. The allometric relationship predicts dispersal architecture changes across environments differing in neighbour density. Species with dispersal architecture promoting higher dispersal under high neighbour density do so where small increases in dispersal architecture yield large decreases in terminal velocity. Our research suggests that the nature of allometric relationships between traits can help to explain allocation strategies across environments.

scholarly journals Exceptionally Steep Brain-Body Evolutionary Allometry Underlies the Unique Encephalization of Osteoglossiformes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Masahito Tsuboi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Static Allometry

Brain-body static allometry, which is the relationship between brain size and body size within species, is thought to reflect developmental and genetic constraints. Existing evidence suggests that the evolution of large brain size without accompanying changes in body size (that is, encephalization) may occur when this constraint is relaxed. Teleost fish species are generally characterized by having close-fitting brain-body static allometries, leading to strong allometric constraints and small relative brain sizes. However, one order of teleost, Osteoglossiformes, underwent extreme encephalization, and its mechanistic bases are unknown. Here, I used a dataset and phylogeny encompassing 859 teleost species to demonstrate that the encephalization of Osteoglossiformes occurred through an increase in the slope of evolutionary (among-species) brain-body allometry. The slope is virtually isometric (1.03 ± 0.09 SE), making it one of the steepest evolutionary brain-body allometric slopes reported to date, and it deviates significantly from the evolutionary brain-body allometric slopes of other clades of teleost. Examination of the relationship between static allometric parameters (intercepts and slopes) and evolutionary allometry revealed that the dramatic steepening of the evolutionary allometric slope in Osteoglossiformes was a combined result of evolution in the slopes and intercepts of static allometry. These results suggest that the evolution of static allometry, which likely has been driven by evolutionary changes in the rate and timing of brain development, has facilitated the unique encephalization of Osteoglossiformes.

scholarly journals Differences in Allometric Relationship of Two Dominant Woody Species Among Various Terrains in a Desert Region of Central Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Wu ◽  
Xin-Jun Zheng ◽  
Xiao-Han Mu ◽  
Yan Li
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Ecological Strategy ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Dune Crest

The allometric relationship among different functional traits is an ecological strategy for plants to promote resource utilization, which indicates the ability of plants to adapt to environmental changes coordinately. In this study, we conducted a field survey on Haloxylon ammodendron and H. persicum among different terrains (dune crest, eastern slope, western slope and inter-dune) in the Gurbantunggut Desert, obtained their quantitative and morphological characteristics, and analyzed their allometric relationships between plant height and canopy radius, plant height and basal diameter by using standardized major axis estimation. We found that: (1) The dominated terrains of H. ammodendron and H. persicum were different; (2) The individual morphology of the two Haloxylon species changed significantly with the terrains (p < 0.05), with the largest and smallest ones growing on the eastern slope and the inter-dune lowland, respectively; (3) Fixed allometric patterns were observed in the above-ground parts of the two Haloxylon species, as the growth of canopy and basal stem was preferentially to plant height; (4) These allometric relationships were significantly affected by the terrain, and exhibited discrepancy between two species, they both invested less in plant height in windy habitats, such as the dune crest and western slope, but H. ammodendron growing on the western slope and H. persicum growing on the eastern slope invested more in basal diameter for strengthening mechanical support and resources acquisition, respectively. These results indicated that both studied species adopted an ecological strategy that allocating more resources to horizontal expansion rather than vertical growth, the terrain has an important influence on the allometric relationship of their above-ground parts, and the trade-off mechanism of main components investing was different for these two species due to habitat heterogeneity and ecological adaptability.

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