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Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kowalczyk ◽  
Agata Znamirowska ◽  
Małgorzata Pawlos ◽  
Magdalena Buniowska

The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using Olkuska sheep milk for the production of ice cream with probiotics and prebiotics. The study examined the effect of the storage and type of bacteria used for the fermentation of ice cream mixes and partial replacement of inulin with apple fiber on the physicochemical properties, viability of probiotic cultures and organoleptic properties of sheep’s milk ice cream stored at −22 °C for 21 days. The addition of apple fiber reduced the pH value of ice cream mixes before fermentation. In ice cream mixes and ice cream with apple fiber, the lactic acid content was higher by 0.1–0.2 g L−1 than in their equivalents with inulin only. These differences persisted during the storage of the ice cream. After fermentation of the ice mixes, the bacterial cell count ranged from 10.62 log cfu g−1 to 12.25 log cfu g−1. The freezing process reduced the population of probiotic bacteria cells in ice cream with inulin from 0.8 log cfu g−1 in ice cream with Lactobacillus acidophilus, 1.0 log cfu g−1 in ice cream with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and 1.1 log cfu g−1 in ice cream with Lacticaseibacillus casei. Freezing the varieties with apple fiber also resulted in a reduction of viable bacterial cells from 0.8 log cfu g−1 in ice cream with L. paracasei and Lb. acidophilus to 1 log cfu g−1 in ice cream with L. casei, compared to the results after fermentation. The highest percentage overrun was determined in ice cream with L. paracasei and Lb. acidophilus. Ice cream with L. casei was characterized by significantly lower overrun on the 7th and 21st days of storage. Although L. paracasei ice cream had the highest overrun, it did not cause a significant reduction in the probiotic population during storage. After seven days of storage, the first drop differed significantly depending on the type of bacteria used for fermentation of the mixture and the addition of apple fiber. L. casei ice cream had a longer first drop time than L. paracasei and Lb. acidophilus ice cream. Partial replacement of inulin with apple fiber resulted in a significant darkening of the color of ice cream mixes. Depending on the type of bacteria used for fermentation, the addition of apple fiber decreased the value of the L* parameter. Ice cream mixes and ice cream with inulin and apple fiber were characterized by a high proportion of yellow. Partial replacement of inulin with apple fiber reduced the hardness of ice cream compared to inulin-only ice cream. Moreover, the panelists found that ice cream with inulin was characterized by a sweeter taste than ice cream with apple fiber. Moreover, the addition of apple fiber favorably increased the flavor and aroma perception of the mango-passion fruit. Therefore, the milk of Olkuska sheep could be successfully used for the production of symbiotic dairy ice cream.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Pingarrón ◽  
Ján Labuda ◽  
Jiří Barek ◽  
Christopher M. A. Brett ◽  
Maria Filomena Camões ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Sharad Sharma ◽  
Aparna Kapoor

The internet of things (IoT) is a technology representing a rapidly ubiquitous development. The technologies supporting the IoT are becoming significant as it forms the basic need to analyze the environment and making it smarter. So far, the internet in context of IPs is considered as the largest network globally. The collection of data that includes the process of harvesting the monitored data is sensed by a huge number of participating sensors, which presents a challenging task due to its openly built technical issues resulting from typical limitations of WSNs (delivery time, energy, bandwidth) to the lack of standardized data collection of widespread WSN, required for practical deployment in both the upcoming and existing scenarios of IoT. This paper improves the above critical issue with optimizing the process of routing using the algorithm grey wolf optimization (GWO) which represents semantic form of optimization that typically reduces the drop, time delay, and energy.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Cheng ◽  
Zhenying Wang ◽  
Chuan Lu ◽  
Jibin Zhang ◽  
Shumao Bi ◽  
...  

The drop time of the control rod plays an important role in judging whether a nuclear reactor can be safely shut down in an emergency condition and has become one of the most important parameters for the safety analysis of nuclear power plants. Exact assessment of the drop time is greatly dependent on the forces acting on the control rod. In this research, a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the control rod in a low-temperature heating reactor was established based on 6DOF (6 degrees of freedom) model using dynamic meshing technology, and it was used to analyze the control rod dropping experiment. The behavior of dropping the control rod was obtained, including the velocity, the displacement, and the pressure distribution on the control rod guide tube. The comparison between the simulation and the experiment results indicated that the simulation was capable of simulating the dropping characteristic of the control rod. Some important parameters can be calculated, such as the time of control rod dropping process and the maximum impact force. Based on this, useful information could be provided for the design of control rod driveline structure.


Aerospace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Stef Janssen ◽  
Régis van der Sommen ◽  
Alexander Dilweg ◽  
Alexei Sharpanskykh

Airport security checkpoints are the most important bottleneck in airport operations, but few studies aim to empirically understand them better. In this work we address this lack of data-driven quantitative analysis and insights about the security checkpoint process. To this end, we followed a total of 2277 passengers through the security checkpoint process at Rotterdam The Hague Airport (RTM), and published detailed timing data about their journey through the process. This dataset is unique in scientific literature, and can aid future researchers in the modelling and analysis of the security checkpoint. Our analysis showed important differences between six identified passenger types. Business passengers were found to be the fastest group, while passengers with reduced mobility (PRM) and families were the slowest two groups. We also identified events that hindered the performance of the security checkpoint, in which groups of passengers had to wait long for security employees or other passengers. A total of 335 such events occurred, with an average of 2.3 passengers affected per event. It was found that a passenger that had a high luggage drop time was followed by an event in 27% of the cases, which was the most frequent cause. To mitigate this waiting time of subsequent passengers in the security checkpoint process, we performed an experiment with a so-called service lane. This lane was used to process passengers that are expected to be slow, while the remaining lanes processed the other passengers. It was found that the mean throughput of the service lane setups was higher than the average throughput of the standard lanes, making it a promising setup to investigate further.


2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Rowan ◽  
Ronald W. Breault ◽  
Justin M. Weber ◽  
Narasimhan Soundarrajan

Abstract A study was conducted to explore the applicability of recurrence and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to the detection of process failures in spouted bed reactor systems. Three different potential failure modes were examined in a transparent, cold flow slot-rectangular spouted bed. These being, a simulated air leak from a side wall of the reactor, a simulated gas leak from the top wall of the reactor, and simulated agglomeration of solids via introduction of larger “klinker” particles. Bed pressure drop time history data were collected and analyzed via generation of recurrence plots (RPs) and RQA parameters. In general, the simulated agglomeration case was quite easily detected via ever RQA Parameter examined, whereas the simulated air leaks were detected by only a single RQA parameter.


Author(s):  
Li Yan ◽  
Hu Wenjun ◽  
Ren Lixia

Safety rod and its drive mechanism is one of the shutdown systems in sodium-cooled fast reactor, which must be quickly inserted into the core to achieve emergency shutdown in the event of an accident. Therefore, it is necessary to study the falling process of safety rod. In this paper, the numerical simulation method is used to analyze the falling process of safety rod and its drive mechanism in China Experimental Fast Reactor. According to the flow path of the safety rod and its drive mechanism, the pipe system hydraulic method is used to model the safety rod and its drive mechanism and calculate the hydraulic force of the safety rod and its drive mechanism during the falling process. The relationship between time, displacement, velocity and acceleration is presented. The drop time of safety rod is calculated, which is compared with the experimental results. The factors that affect the drop process are analyzed and a sensitivity analysis is presented.


2018 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
M.R. Salmanpour Paean Afrakati ◽  
M. Gharib ◽  
S.M. Mirvakili

2018 ◽  
Vol 878 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Chao Lung Hwang ◽  
Chi Hung Chiang ◽  
Trong Phuoc Huynh ◽  
Bo Jyun Jhang

This study used a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to activate a mixture of water treatment sludge, fly ash, and slag, in order to produce a new alkali-activated controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Fresh properties of this new CLSM were investigated through the tests of workability, setting time, and ball drop time. Test results show that the addition of water treatment sludge (WTS) decreased workability. In addition, the addition of such WTS increased initial setting time and ball drop time, whereas the alkali equivalent (AE) shortened the initial setting time and ball drop time. At a liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 0.9, a WTS content of 10%, and an alkali equivalent of 9%, the fresh properties for the CLSM conforms to the design principles and provisions of the Public Works Department, Taipei City Government, and is ideal for road construction in order to reduce traffic impact.


Author(s):  
Zuokang Lin ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Chunfeng Zhao ◽  
Yun Cao ◽  
Xiao Wang

The reactor scram function realized by the rapidly dropping of control rods ensures safety when the reactor accidents (loss of electricity and earthquake, etc.) happen. In the thorium base molten salt reactor (TMSR - SF1), the rod drop time is obviously affected by the resistance which produced in the molten salt as its high density and viscosity. In this paper, the drop time of the control rod is obtained by the theoretical and experimental methods for comparison. Firstly, the drop time is analyzed both in air and water condition with calculation and experiment. And the method used for the resistance calculation of the rod during dropping is verified. Secondly, the similarity criterion is adopted to calculate the drop time in molten salt condition. The study shows that: 1) In air and water condition, the calculation is coincidence with the experimental results within the maximum error less than 2 %. 2) The drop time of the rod in molten salt is 2.8 s with a dropping height 2.4m in reactor, which satisfy the safety requirement of the control system. 3) It is necessary to use another buffer beside the disc spring to protect the driving mechanism of the rod during the rod dropping.


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