scholarly journals A highly conserved ontogenetic limb allometry and its evolutionary significance in the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1953) ◽  
pp. 20210226
Author(s):  
Nathalie Feiner ◽  
Illiam S. C. Jackson ◽  
Eliane Van der Cruyssen ◽  
Tobias Uller
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry

Diversifications often proceed along highly conserved, evolutionary trajectories. These patterns of covariation arise in ontogeny, which raises the possibility that adaptive morphologies are biased towards trait covariations that resemble growth trajectories. Here, we test this prediction in the diverse clade of Anolis lizards by investigating the covariation of embryonic growth of 13 fore- and hindlimb bones in 15 species, and compare these to the evolutionary covariation of these limb bones across 267 Anolis species. Our results demonstrate that species differences in relative limb length are established already at hatching, and are resulting from both differential growth and differential sizes of cartilaginous anlagen. Multivariate analysis revealed that Antillean Anolis share a common ontogenetic allometry that is characterized by positive allometric growth of the long bones relative to metapodial and phalangeal bones. This major axis of ontogenetic allometry in limb bones deviated from the major axis of evolutionary allometry of the Antillean Anolis and the two clades of mainland Anolis lizards. These results demonstrate that the remarkable diversification of locomotor specialists in Anolis lizards are accessible through changes that are largely independent from ontogenetic growth trajectories, and therefore likely to be the result of modifications that manifest at the earliest stages of limb development.

Interdigital cell death during limb development of the turtle and lizard with an interpretation of evolutionary significance

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-289
Author(s):  
John F. Fallon ◽  
Jo Ann Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Interdigital Cell Death

Cell death accompanies the formation of free digits in birds and mammals. However, in species with webbing between the adult digits, little or no cell death occurs in the prospectively webbed region of the developing interdigit. Cell death does not occur during the formation of free digits in amphibians. In this paper we report that cell death accompanies the formation of the digits in snapping and painted turtles and in the skink (a lizard). We conclude that cell death accompanying the formation of free digits had its origin at the point of amniote emergence during evolution.

scholarly journals Developmental and Evolutionary Allometry of the Mammalian Limb Skeleton

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1356-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly L Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Biological Organization ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Cartilage Growth ◽  
Putative Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Leg Bones ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Cartilage Growth Plate

Abstract The variety of limb skeletal proportions enables a remarkable diversity of behaviors that include powered flight in bats and flipper-propelled swimming in whales using extremes of a range of homologous limb architectures. Even within human limbs, bone lengths span more than an order of magnitude from the short finger and toe bones to the long arm and leg bones. Yet all of this diversity arises from embryonic skeletal elements that are each a very similar size at formation. In this review article, I survey what is and is not yet known of the development and evolution of skeletal proportion at multiple hierarchical levels of biological organization. These include the cellular parameters of skeletal elongation in the cartilage growth plate, genes associated with differential growth, and putative gene regulatory mechanisms that would allow both covariant and independent evolution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs and of individual limb segments. Although the genetic mechanisms that shape skeletal proportion are still largely unknown, and most of what is known is limited to mammals, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the diversity of bone lengths is an emergent property of a complex system that controls elongation of individual skeletal elements using a genetic toolkit shared by all.

The Gavialis-Tomistoma debate: the contribution of skull ontogenetic allometry and growth trajectories to the study of crocodylian relationships

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Piras ◽  
Paolo Colangelo ◽  
Dean C. Adams ◽  
Angela Buscalioni ◽  
Jorge Cubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry

A new species of Cuora (Testudines: Geoemydidae) from the Miocene of Thailand and its evolutionary significance

2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 908-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILAILUCK NAKSRI ◽  
HAIYAN TONG ◽  
KOMSORN LAUPRASERT ◽  
VARAVUDH SUTEETHORN ◽  
JULIEN CLAUDE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Box Turtles ◽  
Early Late ◽  
A New Species

AbstractA new species of Cuora, Cuora chiangmuanensis sp. nov., is described on the basis of a nearly complete shell with limb bones from the late Middle – early Late Miocene Chiang Muan Mine, Phayao Province (Northern Thailand). C. chiangmuanensis is distinguished from other fossil and living Cuora species mainly on the basis of its plastral morphology. Among fossil and extant Cuora taxa, the new species appears to be a missing link between the taxa from Southeast Asia and those from East Asia. It represents the earliest record of the genus and demonstrates that by 11–12 Ma, Asian box turtles were already present in Southeast Asia.

Differential expression of signal transduction factors in ovarian follicle development: a functional role for betaglycan and FIBP in granulosa cells in cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Forde ◽  
M. Mihm ◽  
M. J. Canty ◽  
A. E. Zielak ◽  
P. J. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Ovarian Follicle Development ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Ovarian follicles develop in groups yet individual follicles follow different growth trajectories. This growth and development are regulated by endocrine and locally produced growth factors that use a myriad of receptors and signal transduction pathways to exert their effects on theca and granulosa cells. We hypothesize that differential growth may be due to differences in hormonal responsiveness that is partially mediated by differences in expression of genes involved in signal transduction. We used the bovine dominant follicle model, microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR and RNA interference to examine this. We identified 83 genes coding for signal transduction molecules and validated a subset of them associated with different stages of the follicle wave. We suggest important roles for CAM kinase-1 and EphA4 in theca cells and BCAR1 in granulosa cells for the development of dominant follicles and for betaglycan and FIBP in granulosa cells of regressing subordinate follicles. Inhibition of genes for betaglycan and FIBP in granulosa cells in vitro suggests that they inhibit estradiol production in regressing subordinate follicles.

The Differential Growth-Response of Embryonic Chick Limb-Bone Rudiments to Triiodothyronine in vitro. III. Hormone Concentration.

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-398
Author(s):  
Kirstie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
High Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Rudiments of each of the limb bones from the same chick embryo differ in their growth response to thyroid hormones in vitro (Fell & Mellanby, 1955, 1956). These variations in response to triiodothyronine (T3) are not determined by differences in maturity or size of the rudiments (Lawson, 1961a), but are associated with differences in their normal specific growth rates in vivo; T3 retards the growth of rudiments which normally have a high specific growth rate and stimulates the growth of those which grow slowly in vivo. However, when the growth rate of the limb-bone rudiments is altered in vitro by varying the composition of the medium or the temperature, the characteristic responses of different rudiments to T3 are not greatly altered (Lawson, 1961b). For example, the effect of T3 on the radius, a slowly growing rudiment, is to stimulate growth, whereas the same amount of T3 retards the growth rate of the third metatarsus which is normally a fast growing bone.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic and static allometry of hind femur length in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with implications for evo-devo of morphological scaling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakke Sameli Neiro
Keyword(s):  
Current Model ◽  
Hind Femur ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Femur Length ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Static Allometry

AbstractThe evolution of morphological allometry or scaling is a long-standing enigma in biology. Three types of allometric relationships have been defined: static, ontogenetic and evolutionary allometry. However, the theory of the interrelationship between these three types of allometry have not been tested in Orthopterans and to a lesser extent in hemimetabolous insects. Here, the ontogenetic allometry of hind femur length in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus was observed to be slightly positive as compared with a negative allometric relationship for Orthopterans in general, while the instar-specific static allometries were highly variable. The findings give support for the size-grain hypothesis in Orthoptera and indicate that ontogenetic allometries may not predict evolutionary allometries. The current model for the developmental basis of allometry derived from holometabolous insects is extended into a phylogenetic context and the potential of G. bimaculatus and other Orthopterans for further experiments of evo-devo of morphological scaling is discussed.

Comparison of the effects of vitamin A on limb development and regeneration in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
S. R. Scadding ◽  
M. Maden
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum

The objective of this investigation was to compare the effect of vitamin A on limb development and limb regeneration in the same animal, at the same time, thus eliminating the possibility that species differences or different rates of uptake between animals would influence the results. Axolotl larvae had both right limbs amputated and then were treated with retinol palmitate by immersion at 60 or 300 mg 1−1 for 4 or 10 days. Intact left developing limbs at the cone, two-digit, or four-digit stages responded to the treatment by deletion of skeletal elements producing hypomorphic limbs. Severity of the deletions was correlated with higher dose, longer times, and earlier stages of limb development. In contralateral right regenerating limbs, the effect of the same treatment was to cause various degrees of proximodistal duplication as well as occasional hypomorphic regenerates. Thus, there is a marked difference in response to vitamin A between developing and regenerating limbs. The implications of this observation are discussed especially with respect to the underlying morphogenetic mechanisms.

Human fetuses and limb asymmetry: No evidence for directional asymmetry and support for fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental instability

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Ten Broek ◽  
Liliane Wijnaendts ◽  
Frietson Galis ◽  
Stefan Van Dongen
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Developmental Instability ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Limb Asymmetry ◽  
Human Limb

AbstractThe often observed directional asymmetry in human limb bones could have a genetic basis. Alternatively, differences in limbs across sides could emerge from different mechanical loadings on the left and right side as a result of behavioral lateralization. Because handedness in itself has a genetic basis, it has been suggested that directional asymmetry in limbs could develop prenatally as a pre-adaptation to adult life. The developmental origins of limb asymmetry and the presence of directional asymmetry have important implications for the use of directionally random asymmetry (i.e., fluctuating asymmetry) as a measure of developmental instability (the inability of an organism to buffer its development against random noise). We study asymmetry in limb bones of deceased fetuses. We predict that if the direct effects of handedness (asymmetric mechanical loadings) would predominantly affect directional asymmetry, it would be absent in fetal limbs. However, because genes involved in the asymmetrical positioning of internal organs (situs solitus) also play a role in limb development, directional asymmetry may also emerge during early fetal stages. In a sample of over 500 fetuses, no indication of directional asymmetry was found in several limb bones. In addition, directional asymmetry did not emerge in the older fetuses either. We suggest that morphological asymmetries in fetal limb bones corresponded to fluctuating asymmetry measuring developmental instability. High levels of developmental integration found in our dataset could explain the overall low levels of asymmetry found in our study.

scholarly journals Differential Growth Trajectories for Achievement among Children Retained in First Grade

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Jan N. Hughes ◽  
Oi-Man Kwok
Keyword(s):  
First Grade ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Differential Growth
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