scholarly journals Evidence accumulation and associated error-related brain activity as computationally informed prospective predictors of substance use in emerging adulthood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Weigard ◽  
Sarah J. Brislin ◽  
Lora M. Cope ◽  
Jillian E. Hardee ◽  
Meghan E. Martz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Evidence Accumulation

AbstractSubstance use peaks during the developmental period known as emerging adulthood (roughly ages 18–25), but not every individual who uses substances during this period engages in frequent or problematic use. Previous studies have suggested that individual differences in neurocognition may prospectively predict problematic substance use, but mechanistic neurocognitive risk factors with clear links to both behavior and neural circuitry have not yet been identified. Here we take an approach rooted in computational psychiatry, an emerging field in which formal models of neurocognition are used to identify candidate biobehavioral dimensions that confer risk for psychopathology. Specifically, we test whether lower efficiency of evidence accumulation (EEA), a computationally tractable process that drives neurocognitive performance across many tasks, is a risk factor for substance use in emerging adults. In an fMRI substudy within a sociobehavioral longitudinal study (n=106), we find that lower EEA and reductions in a robust neural-level correlate of EEA (error-related activations in salience network and parietal structures) measured at ages 18–21 are both prospectively related to higher levels of substance use during ages 22–26, even after adjusting for other well-known risk factors. Results from Bayesian model comparisons corroborated inferences from conventional hypothesis testing and provided evidence that both EEA and its neural correlates contain unique predictive information about substance use involvement. Overall, these findings suggest that EEA is a mechanistic, computationally tractable neurocognitive risk factor for substance use at a critical developmental period, with clear links to both neural correlates and well-established formal theories of brain function.

Emerging Adult Development and Substance Use Disorders

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-37
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Smith ◽  
Tara M. Dumas ◽  
Jordan P. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Identity Exploration ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Additional Risk

Developmental processes influence emerging adults’ substance use. Such processes may occur both before and during the period of emerging adulthood, which lasts roughly from ages 18 to 29. This chapter begins by reviewing the prevalence of risky substance use and substance use disorders among emerging adults as well as the sequelae of such use. After a brief review of Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood, the chapter provides an updated review of how the dimensions of emerging adulthood (i.e., identity exploration, feeling in between, self-focus, instability, optimism) are associated with substance use. Also reviewed are the additional risk factors for substance use that likely interact with these dimensions.

Why Should We Focus on Emerging Adults with Substance Use Disorders?

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
First Language ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance

Emerging adulthood (roughly ages 18–29) is the lifespan period when the peak prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) and substance use occurs. Opportunities for prevention and intervention abound during these years. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the concept of emerging adulthood, as well as a laundry list of terms used to describe problematic substance use. The chapter argues that we must be mindful of using person-first language and, based on available stigma research, advocates for use of the term substance use disorder. The chapter then presents a strong rationale for creating more developmentally appropriate treatments for emerging adults. This rationale is based on three pillars: (1) emerging adults’ current underrepresentation in large outcome studies, (2) existing disparities in treatment outcomes between emerging adults and individuals in other age groups, and (3) the possibility of expanded substance use treatment access under healthcare reform.

Emerging Adults and Substance Use Disorder Treatment

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Developmental Theory ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Substance Use Disorder Treatment ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Disorder Treatment

Emerging adulthood, spanning roughly between ages 18 and 29, is increasingly recognized as a unique period of development within the human lifespan. Unfortunately, the peak prevalence for substance use and related disorders occurs during emerging adulthood. At the nexus of developmental theory and clinical practice, this volume explores the idiosyncrasies associated with the assessment and treatment of substance-related disorders among emerging adults. Comprehensive coverage is provided on the developmental aspects of emerging adulthood, emerging adult–specific substance use screening, assessment, and treatment. In addition, many related special topics are addressed, including U.S. healthcare reform and the Affordable Care Act’s impact on treatment for emerging adults, treatment for aging-out foster youth with substance use disorders, collegiate recovery programs, and treatment needs of emerging adults from privileged and marginalized backgrounds. Throughout the book, readers receive research-informed, yet practical, suggestions for emerging adult substance use disorder treatment.

Polydrug Use and Dating Violence Among Emerging Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093442
Author(s):  
Hye Jeong Choi ◽  
Hannah Grigorian ◽  
Alisa Garner ◽  
Gregory L. Stuart ◽  
Jeff. R. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Heavy Alcohol ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Polysubstance Use

We examined sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors that moderate the (poly) substance use and dating violence victimization and perpetration relationship among emerging adults. Using an ethnically diverse sample ( N = 698), we used latent class analyses to identify mutually exclusive groups based on monthly and past-year substance use. We then examined these groups as they relate to dating violence victimization and perpetration and the moderating effect of various risk factors. Five classes were identified based on substance use patterns: (a) Regular Alcohol use, (b) Polysubstance use, (c) Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana use, (d) Mild Alcohol use, and (e) Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana use classes. Participants in the Polysubstance use class were the most likely to perpetrate dating violence followed by Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana use, Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana use, Regular Alcohol, and Mild Alcohol use classes. Similarly, participants in the Polysubstance use class were the most likely to be victims of dating violence followed by Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana, Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana, Regular Alcohol, and Mild Alcohol use classes. Depending on substance use class, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, history of dating violence, and trauma symptoms differentially influenced dating violence perpetration and victimization at 1-year follow-up. Our findings support the need to comprehensively address dating violence among emerging adults. Intimate partner violence prevention and intervention programs may benefit from targeting emerging adults who misuse substances and incorporating substance use interventions into dating violence prevention efforts.

Social Media Use and Substance Use During Emerging Adulthood

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine McCauley Ohannessian ◽  
Anna Vannucci ◽  
Kaitlin M. Flannery ◽  
Sarosh Khan
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Media Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Problematic Alcohol Use

This study examined the relationship between daily time spent using social media and substance use in a national sample of 563 emerging adults from the United States (18- to 22-year-olds, 50% female, 63% non-Hispanic White). Results revealed that males reported more social media use and more substance use in comparison to females. In addition, greater daily social media use was related to more alcohol consumption, more problematic alcohol use, and more frequent drug use. A significant gender × social media use interaction was also observed for drug use, revealing that greater daily social media use was significantly related to more frequent drug use for females but not for males. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering different types of social media in relation to substance use and abuse during emerging adulthood and the need to examine these relations by gender.

scholarly journals The Revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-R) and Substance Use Among College Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon-Patrick Allem ◽  
Steve Sussman ◽  
Jennifer B. Unger
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Substance Use Prevention ◽  
Identity Exploration

Transition-to-adulthood themes, or thoughts and feelings about emerging adulthood, have been measured by the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) and found to be associated with substance use among emerging adults. It has been suggested, however, that the IDEA is lengthy and may not include the most unique and theoretically relevant constructs of emerging adulthood. The Revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-R) was developed as an alternative instrument, but research has yet to determine the relationship between the IDEA-R and substance use among emerging adults (ages 18–25 years). College students completed surveys indicating their identification with transition-to-adulthood themes and substance use. Logistic regression models examined the associations between transition-to-adulthood themes and marijuana use and binge drinking, respectively. Participants who felt emerging adulthood was a time of identity exploration were less likely to report marijuana use, while feelings of experimentation/possibility were positively associated with marijuana use and binge drinking. The IDEA-R may be useful for identifying correlates of substance use among emerging adults. Future research should evaluate the IDEA-R among representative samples of emerging adults to confirm the findings of this study. Health professionals working in substance use prevention may consider targeting the themes of identity exploration and experimentation/possibility in programs intended for emerging adults.

scholarly journals Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Following Patients' First and Second Concussions

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 766-766
Author(s):  
S Jennings ◽  
J French ◽  
C Holland ◽  
M Collins ◽  
A P Kontos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Paired Samples

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to examine differences in self-reported symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and vestibular-ocular insufficiencies between patients’ first and second concussions. A secondary purpose was to explore the role of risk factors on recovery. Methods We conducted a retrospective medical chart review of 73 (32-M/41-F) patients aged 15.69 (SD=1.67) years from a concussion specialty clinic with two separate concussions (84.9% of 1st and 79.5% of 2nd sport-related) that occurred between August 2010 and April 2018. Clinical outcomes included the PCSS, ImPACT, and the Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS). A series of paired samples t-tests were used to compare clinical outcomes along with chi-square analyses for risk factor associations. Results Verbal memory scores were higher following the second (M=80.67, SD=15.3) (M=76.32, SD=15.65) (t[73]=–2.18, p=.03) concussion. Visual motor processing speed was faster following the second concussion (M=35.04, SD= 7.90) (M=31.35, SD=7.63) (t[73]=–5.72, p<.001). There were no other significant differences observed. Recovery time was similar for the first (61.07, SD=58.41.5) and second (67.91 SD=70.10) respectively, t(70)=–.91, p=.37. There was no relationship between any risk factors, and recovery time for either injury with the exception a significant association between gender and recovery time (>21 days) with the 1st injury for females (χ2, N=73)=10.58, p=.001. Conclusion Findings suggest that a second concussion does not result in more pronounced symptoms, worse neurocognitive performance, or increased deficits on vestibular/ocular performance and/or longer recovery time. The only significant risk factor to a recovery over 21 days included gender.

Emerging Adults with Disabilities: Theory, Trends, and Implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M. Meyer ◽  
Vanessa M. Hinton ◽  
Nicholas Derzis
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Transition Services ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adolescence And Young Adulthood ◽  
Psychology Literature

Emerging adulthood, a relatively new and promising developmental period coined by Arnett (2000), has come to the forefront of the developmental psychology literature. Emerging adulthood is defined as the developmental period between late adolescence and young adulthood that includes individuals between 18-29 years old. As a developmental period, emerging adulthood applies to all individuals, including those with disabilities. Although there have been numerous studies on youth with disabilities, this population has not been studied from the vantage point of Arnett's concept of “emerging adulthood.” The purpose of this manuscript is to explore the primary theoretical constructs of emerging adulthood: (a) self-exploration (e.g., identity development); (b) uncertainty; (c) self-focus; (d) transition; and (e) optimism, as well as the social trends and implications. Emerging adulthood provides insight that has implications for the educational and rehabilitation services for young adults, including transition services.

scholarly journals Evidence accumulation and associated error-related brain activity as computationally-informed prospective predictors of substance use in emerging adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Weigard ◽  
Sarah J. Brislin ◽  
Lora M. Cope ◽  
Jillian E. Hardee ◽  
Meghan E. Martz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Evidence Accumulation

Risk Factor Evaluation for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Paul O. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Illicit Substance Use ◽  
Local Risk

Background: The 2019 community-acquired pneumonia guidelines recommend using recent respiratory cultures and locally validated epidemiology plus risk factor assessment to determine empirical coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objective: To develop a methodology for evaluating local epidemiology and validating local risk factors for P aeruginosa and MRSA. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective cohort evaluated adult patients admitted for pneumonia. Risk factors for MRSA and P aeruginosa were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression and reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs). Results: There were 10 723 cases evaluated. Lung abscess/empyema had the highest odds associated with MRSA (aOR = 4.24; P < 0.0001), followed by influenza (aOR = 2.34; P = 0.01), end-stage renal disease (ESRD; aOR = 2.09; P = 0.006), illicit substance use (aOR = 1.7; P = 0.007), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; aOR = 1.26; P = 0.04). For P aeruginosa, the highest odds were in bronchiectasis (aOR = 6.13; P < 0.0001), lung abscess/empyema (aOR = 3.36; P = 0.005), and COPD (aOR = 1.84; P < 0.0001). Isolated COPD without other risk factors did not pose an increased risk of either organism. Conclusion and Relevance: Influenza, ESRD, lung abscess/empyema, and illicit substance use were local risk factors for MRSA. Bronchiectasis and lung abscess/empyema were risk factors for Pseudomonas. COPD was associated with MRSA and Pseudomonas. However, isolated COPD had similar rates of MRSA and Pseudomonas pneumonia compared with the total population. This study established a feasible methodology for evaluating local risk factors.

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