scholarly journals Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dissemination across pig production systems in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Jara ◽  
David A. Rasmussen ◽  
Cesar A. Corzo ◽  
Gustavo Machado
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
The North ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Virus Dissemination ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
And Control

SummaryPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains widespread in the North American pig population. Despite improvements in virus characterization, it is unclear whether PRRSV infections are a product of viral circulation within a farm, within production systems (local) or across production systems (external). Here we examined the dissemination dynamics of PRRSV and the processes facilitating its spread within and among pig farms in three production systems. Overall, PRRSV genetic diversity declined since 2018, while phylodynamic results support frequent transmission across-production systems. We found that PRRSV dissemination occurred mostly through transmission between farms of different production companies, which were predominant for several months, especially from November until May when PRRSV tends to peak in the studied region. Within production systems, dissemination occurred mainly through regular pig flow (from sow to nursery and then to finisher farms); nevertheless, an important flux of PRRSV dissemination from finisher to sow and nursery farms highlighted the importance of downstream farms as sources of the virus. Farms at areas with pig density from 500 to 1000 pig/km2 and farms located at a range within 0.5 km and 0.7 km from major roads were more likely to infect by PRRSV, whereas farms at elevation between 41 and 61 meters and denser vegetation acted as dissemination barriers. Although remains a challenge, there is a need to disentangle the route of PRRSV transmission, results evidenced that dissemination among commercially unrelated pig production systems was intense, reinforcing the importance of farm proximity on PRRSV spread. Thus, consideration of farm location and their geographic characteristics may help to forecast dissemination. The understanding of PRRSV transmission routes has the potential to inform targeted strategies for its prevention and control. Further studies are needed to quantify the relative contribution of PRRSV transmission routes.

Controlling Risks of Pathogen Transmission by Flies on Organic Pig Farms

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Meerburg ◽  
H.M. Vermeer ◽  
A. Kijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Optimal Monitoring ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Good Hygiene

Fly prevention and control on animal production units is necessary to prevent the transmission of pathogens that could affect animal and human health and the maintenance of good hygiene. Organic farmers are often hesitant to apply insecticides for this purpose because of their farming philosophy. Organic production systems are relatively open as pigs generally have access to the outdoors. Here, we investigate the need for fly control and analyse various possibilities that organic farmers have to reduce the number of flies on their farms. We conclude that although biological control looks promising, more research should be done concerning its side effects. Currently, optimal monitoring and prevention seem to offer the best solution.

Will Routine Annual Influenza Prevention and Control Systems Serve the United States Well in a Pandemic?

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. S160-S165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne S. Ringel ◽  
Melinda Moore ◽  
John Zambrano ◽  
Nicole Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Influenza Prevention ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTObjective: To assess the extent to which the systems in place for prevention and control of routine annual influenza could provide the information and experience needed to manage a pandemic.Methods: The authors conducted a qualitative assessment based on key informant interviews and the review of relevant documents.Results: Although there are a number of systems in place that would likely serve the United States well in a pandemic, much of the information and experience needed to manage a pandemic optimally is not available.Conclusions: Systems in place for routine annual influenza prevention and control are necessary but not sufficient for managing a pandemic, nor are they used to their full potential for pandemic preparedness. Pandemic preparedness can be strengthened by building more explicitly upon routine influenza activities and the public health system’s response to the unique challenges that arise each influenza season (eg, vaccine supply issues, higher than normal rates of influenza-related deaths). (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 2):S160–S165)

scholarly journals Modelling of the distribution of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria straminea in the metropolitan region of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Santos Barbosa ◽  
Ricardo José de Paula Souza E Guimarães ◽  
Rodrigo Moraes Loyo ◽  
Constança Simões Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
The North ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

The occurrence of schistosomiasis is directly linked to the presence of its snail intermediate host <em>Biomphalaria</em> spp. Knowledge of geographical distribution, habitats and behaviour of these snails in relation to the climate is essential for guiding measures for disease prevention and control. This study aims to model the distribution of <em>B. glabrata</em> and <em>B. straminea</em> in schistosomiasis non-endemic areas of the metropolitan region of Recife (MRR) based on environmental data and estimates of snail distributions in endemic and neighbouring areas. We applied Kriging with the aim of determining the spatial distribution of these two snail species and MaxEnt for modelling their ecological behaviour. Kriging showed that the North and the Centre of the MRR were generally either snail-free or contained only <em>B. straminea</em>, while both snail species could be found in the South. MaxEnt supported our observation that the northern and southern coastal regions were favoured by <em>B. glabrata</em> and diurnal mean temperature variation; July rainfall and November rainfall were the three variables favouring <em>Biomphalaria</em> breeding sites that contributed the most in the predictive model we developed. The study showed the location of areas suitable to <em>Biomphalaria</em> spp. and therefore at potential risk, first for invasion of these snails and later for the development of new schistosomiasis- endemic areas. This information should be useful, not only to estimate expansion possibilities of this disease in the MRR, but also to point out the climatic variables that would contribute to this expansion, thereby allowing timely application of prevention and control measures.

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