Controlling Risks of Pathogen Transmission by Flies on Organic Pig Farms

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Meerburg ◽  
H.M. Vermeer ◽  
A. Kijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Optimal Monitoring ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Good Hygiene

Fly prevention and control on animal production units is necessary to prevent the transmission of pathogens that could affect animal and human health and the maintenance of good hygiene. Organic farmers are often hesitant to apply insecticides for this purpose because of their farming philosophy. Organic production systems are relatively open as pigs generally have access to the outdoors. Here, we investigate the need for fly control and analyse various possibilities that organic farmers have to reduce the number of flies on their farms. We conclude that although biological control looks promising, more research should be done concerning its side effects. Currently, optimal monitoring and prevention seem to offer the best solution.

scholarly journals Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dissemination across pig production systems in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Jara ◽  
David A. Rasmussen ◽  
Cesar A. Corzo ◽  
Gustavo Machado
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
The North ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Virus Dissemination ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
And Control

SummaryPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains widespread in the North American pig population. Despite improvements in virus characterization, it is unclear whether PRRSV infections are a product of viral circulation within a farm, within production systems (local) or across production systems (external). Here we examined the dissemination dynamics of PRRSV and the processes facilitating its spread within and among pig farms in three production systems. Overall, PRRSV genetic diversity declined since 2018, while phylodynamic results support frequent transmission across-production systems. We found that PRRSV dissemination occurred mostly through transmission between farms of different production companies, which were predominant for several months, especially from November until May when PRRSV tends to peak in the studied region. Within production systems, dissemination occurred mainly through regular pig flow (from sow to nursery and then to finisher farms); nevertheless, an important flux of PRRSV dissemination from finisher to sow and nursery farms highlighted the importance of downstream farms as sources of the virus. Farms at areas with pig density from 500 to 1000 pig/km2 and farms located at a range within 0.5 km and 0.7 km from major roads were more likely to infect by PRRSV, whereas farms at elevation between 41 and 61 meters and denser vegetation acted as dissemination barriers. Although remains a challenge, there is a need to disentangle the route of PRRSV transmission, results evidenced that dissemination among commercially unrelated pig production systems was intense, reinforcing the importance of farm proximity on PRRSV spread. Thus, consideration of farm location and their geographic characteristics may help to forecast dissemination. The understanding of PRRSV transmission routes has the potential to inform targeted strategies for its prevention and control. Further studies are needed to quantify the relative contribution of PRRSV transmission routes.

Prevention and control strategies for ticks and pathogen transmission

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
FUENTE J. DE LA FUENTE ◽  
K.M. KOCAN ◽  
M. CONTRERAS
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Medical textiles with silver/nanosilver and their potential application for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections – mini-review

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Rajski ◽  
Marek Juda ◽  
Adam Los ◽  
Elzbieta Witun ◽  
Anna Malm
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Antimicrobial Textiles ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
And Control

Abstract Healthcare-associated infections (HAI), especially those in hospitalized patients, can be regarded as an important public health problem worldwide. In this article we presented an overview on the use of antimicrobial textiles, including those with silver/nanosilver, as a new approach to countering HAI by reducing the potential risk of the pathogen transmission between patients and healthcare workers. The strong antimicrobial in vitro activity of these engineered textiles was confirmed in vitro against several HAI-associated pathogens, including multiresistant strains belonging to alert pathogens. However, according to literature data, the sole use of antimicrobial clothing by healthcare workers appears to not be sufficient for the prevention and control of HAI. Further comprehensive and controlled studies are needed to assess the real-time efficacy of the antimicrobial textiles in healthcare settings. Moreover, there is a need to control the silver use not only for medical applications, but also for non-medical purposes due to a possibility for the emergence and spread of silver resistance among microorganisms, especially Gram-negative bacteria.

scholarly journals Sustainable Commercial Vegetable Production with Minimal Use of Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 170a-170
Author(s):  
Victor A. Wegrzyn
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Organic Vegetable Production ◽  
Organic Farmers

Sustainable production systems are characterized as systems that can be physically and biologically maintained in perpetuity, can avoid adverse environmental and health problems, and can be economically profitable. Organic vegetable production systems are one example of sustainable farming enterprises. In California, organic production and postharvest handling techniques are closely defined by legislation. Of the several grower groups representing organic farmers in the state, the California Certified Organic Farmers is the largest, representing 382 growers that farmed a total area of 10,375 ha in 1988. Of these, 200 growers are vegetable producers. Another organization active among organic growers in California, as well as Mexico, Central American countries, and the Caribbean, is the Organic Crop Improvement Association. Marketing organizations such as the Nutri-Clean Program, which tests produce for pesticide residues and certifies specific residue standards, and the Organic Market News and Information Service facilitate the sale of organic produce in California. Cultural practice information for organic vegetable production is difficult to find, particularly techniques that would allow a grower to switch from conventional to organic production. University researchers and extension workers have so far been of little help, although the Univ. of California Sustainability Program at Davis is beginning research and education activities. Funding for these activities is inadequate, and the program is understaffed. There is need for long-term, interdisciplinary, on-farm studies to study organic production techniques in a realistic setting. At present, the reward system in place in land-grant institutions offers little encouragement to researchers to engage in this kind of work. There are formidable obstacles to increasing the use of organic materials for crop fertilization. The nutrient content of the state's manure and organic waste supplies is probably insufficient to meet the fertility needs of California's crops. In addition, since the majority of land currently producing vegetable crops in California is leased, long-term soil fertility investments are a risky undertaking.

scholarly journals Living Mulches For Organic Farming Systems

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Leary ◽  
Joe DeFrank
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Organic Farmers

An important aspect of organic farming is to minimize the detrimental impact of human intervention to the surrounding environment by adopting a natural protocol in system management. Traditionally, organic farming has focused on the elimination of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and a reliance on biological cycles that contribute to improving soil health in terms of fertility and pest management. Organic production systems are ecologically and economically sustainable when practices designed to build soil organic matter, fertility, and structure also mitigate soil erosion and nutrient runoff. We found no research conducted under traditional organic farming conditions, comparing bareground monoculture systems to systems incorporating the use of living mulches. We will be focusing on living mulch studies conducted under conventional methodology that can be extrapolated to beneficial uses in an organic system. This article discusses how organic farmers can use living mulches to reduce erosion, runoff, and leaching and also demonstrate the potential of living mulch systems as comprehensive integrated pest management plans that allow for an overall reduction in pesticide applications. The pesticide reducing potential of the living mulch system is examined to gain insight on application within organic agriculture.

scholarly journals The Experiences Of Infection And Prevention Control Nurses (Ipcns) In Cultivating Hand Hygiene

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Erna Tsalatsatul Fitriyah ◽  
Meidiana Dwidiyanti ◽  
Luky Dwiantoro
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
And Control

<p><em>Health</em><em>c</em><em>are-Associated</em><em> Infections (HAIs) are infections that patients get while undergoing treatment and medical procedures in </em><em>the </em><em>hospital or other healthcare facilities after more than 48 hours. Improving the quality of hand hygiene practices can reduce pathogen transmission that causes HAIs. Infection and Prevention Control Nurses (IPCNs) as the pioneers of infection prevention and control should play an active role in cultivating hand hygiene in the hospital environment. Unfortunately, until the present time, there is evidence that IPCNs have not played their roles optimally in making hand hygiene a culture in </em><em>the </em><em>hospital. This study aimed to explore the experiences of IPCNs in cultivating hand hygiene at the inpatient wards in a regional hospital in Semarang</em><em>, Indonesia</em><em>. This study used a qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach. The samples were recruited using purposive sampling</em><em> technique</em><em>, consisting of three IPCNs as the main participants, and one Infection Prevention </em><em>a</em><em>nd Control Officer (IPCO) and three Infection Prevention and Control Link Nurses (IPCLNs) as </em><em>the </em><em>triangulation participants. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed using </em><em>the </em><em>content analysis. The results revealed two themes. First, the </em><em>appropriate </em><em>education implementation and its documentation </em><em>are </em><em>important to provide an adequate understanding of medical and non-medical staffs, patients and families so that they are willing to perform hand hygiene properly. Second, the implementation of hand hygiene requires complete infrastructures and facilities, proper monitoring and evaluation system, </em><em>as well as </em><em>appropriate role models and motivation so that hand hygiene can become a positive culture. This study concludes that IPCNs have positive and negative experiences while trying to cultivate hand hygiene. IPCNs understand and agree that their ability to provide proper education and sensitivity to the factors affecting the implementation of hand hygiene can improve the </em><em>people’s </em><em>understanding and </em><em>compliance with </em><em>hand hygiene</em><em>. </em><em>In the end, hand hygiene will eventually become one of the positive cultures in the hospitals.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong><em> IPCNs, hand hygiene</em></p>

scholarly journals Pest Evaluation in Sustainable Cabbage Production Systems

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1046-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Hoyt ◽  
J.F. Walgenbach
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Lepidopterous Pest ◽  
And Control

Conservation tillage systems provide optimum conditions to reduce soil erosion and increase surface soil organic matter. This experiment was established with the long-term goal of developing conservation tillage systems that use either chemical inputs to produce vegetables and control pests, or legume cover crops, biological pesticides, and tillage to provide plant nutrition and control pests. The experiment consisted of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. L. Capitata Group) grown by traditional-tillage (TT) or strip-tillage (ST) culture using either chemical or organic production methods for pest control. Cabbage heads were heavier with TT than with ST for the chemical production system. Although weed biomass was significantly higher with organic methods, there was a poor relationship between weed biomass at harvest and cabbage head weight. The lack of differences in lepidopterous pest damage suggests that the conservation tillage systems examined likely would not affect lepidopterous pest management systems using biological insecticides. Within tillage treatments, the organic production system resulted in less Alternaria infection than did the chemical production system. Since no fungicides were applied on any treatment, lower disease ratings in the organic production system may have been the result of reduced soil contact of the cabbage leaves from the increased soil coverage by the weed and intercropped legume canopy.

scholarly journals Diseases in insects produced for food and feed

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eilenberg ◽  
J.M. Vlak ◽  
C. Nielsen-LeRoux ◽  
S. Cappellozza ◽  
A.B. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Insect Pathogens ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of

Increased production of insects on a large scale for food and feed will likely lead to many novel challenges, including problems with diseases. We provide an overview of important groups of insect pathogens, which can cause disease in insects produced for food and feed. Main characteristics of each pathogen group (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and nematodes) are described and illustrated, with a selection of examples from the most commonly produced insect species for food and feed. Honeybee and silkworm are mostly produced for other reasons than as human food, yet we can still use them as examples to learn about emergence of new diseases in production insects. Results from a 2014 survey about insect diseases in current insect production systems are presented for the first time. Finally, we give some recommendations for the prevention and control of insect diseases.

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