scholarly journals Temporal patterns in electrical nerve stimulation: burst gap code shapes tactile frequency perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin K. W. Ng ◽  
Christoffer Olausson ◽  
Richard M. Vickery ◽  
Ingvars Birznieks
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Afferent Activation ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Temporal Encoding ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neural

AbstractWe have previously described a novel temporal encoding mechanism in the somatosensory system, where mechanical pulses grouped into periodic bursts create a perceived tactile frequency based on the duration of the silent gap between bursts, rather than the mean rate or the periodicity. This coding strategy may offer new opportunities for transmitting information to the brain using various sensory neural prostheses and haptic interfaces. However, it was not known whether the same coding mechanisms apply when using electrical stimulation, which recruits a different spectrum of afferents. Here, we demonstrate that the predictions of the burst gap coding model for frequency perception apply to burst stimuli delivered with electrical pulses, re-emphasising the importance of the temporal structure of spike patterns in neural processing and perception of tactile stimuli. Reciprocally, the electrical stimulation data confirm that the results observed with mechanical stimulation do indeed depend on neural processing mechanisms in the central nervous system, and are not due to skin mechanical factors and resulting patterns of afferent activation.

scholarly journals Functional Electrical Stimulation for Upper Limbs Flexion-Extension and Prehension Movements in Rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lullo Francesco ◽  
Coccia Armando ◽  
Saltalamacchia Anna Maria ◽  
Cesarelli Mario ◽  
Lanzillo Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Prehension Movements ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Complex Movement

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), is a tecnique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate muscle contractions, in individuals with damages regarding the central nervous system. The application of FES in clinical environment involves both patients care and rehabilitation. Aim of this work is to introduce a clinical FES protocol for upper limbs rehabilitation, in order to assist and train the execution of complex movement, such as flexion- extension of wrist and fingers and palmar prehension. The new FES protocol has been tested on a cohort of five subjects with different upper limb neuromotor deficits, during their rehabilitation. The benefits deriving from the application of the new FES protocol have been evaluated by comparing specific quantitative electromyographic parameters assessed before and after the treatment. Results show effective improvements in performances of 4 patients out of 5.

scholarly journals Functional Electrical Stimulation for Upper Limbs Flexion-Extension and Prehension Movements in Rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lullo Francesco ◽  
Coccia Armando ◽  
Saltalamacchia Anna Maria ◽  
Cesarelli Mario ◽  
Lanzillo Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Prehension Movements ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Complex Movement

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), is a tecnique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate muscle contractions, in individuals with damages regarding the central nervous system. The application of FES in clinical environment involves both patients care and rehabilitation. Aim of this work is to introduce a clinical FES protocol for upper limbs rehabilitation, in order to assist and train the execution of complex movement, such as flexion- extension of wrist and fingers and palmar prehension. The new FES protocol has been tested on a cohort of five subjects with different upper limb neuromotor deficits, during their rehabilitation. The benefits deriving from the application of the new FES protocol have been evaluated by comparing specific quantitative electromyographic parameters assessed before and after the treatment. Results show effective improvements in performances of 4 patients out of 5.

Repetitive Potentials Following Brief Electric Stimuli in a Hydroid

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593
Author(s):  
ROBERT K. JOSEPHSON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Minimum Interval ◽  
Shape And Size

1. Electrical pulses (amplitude -0.05 to -15 mV.; duration 20-120 msec.) have been recorded from the stolon of Cordylophora lacustris following stimulation. These pulses are propagated with an average velocity of 2.7 cm./sec. at 22° C. 2. Brief electric shocks of little more than threshold intensity can evoke bursts of pulses. The number of pulses in a burst increases with stimulus intensity, but the shape and size of individual pulses do not. 3. Repetitive stimulation causes facilitation of both size of single pulses and number of pulses in a burst. Refractory period, if present, is variable. The minimum interval between two pulses is about 200 msec. 4. Mechanical stimulation evokes pulses identical to those evoked by electrical stimulation. 5. The greater the number of pulses recorded in the stolon near a polyp, the greater and faster is the contraction of that polyp. 6. The number of pulses, but not their individual sizes, decreases with increasing distance from the point of stimulation. 7. It is concluded that conduction in the stolon and the electrical pulses are due to nervous activity and that the conducting system is a network having interneural junctions which sometimes require to be facilitated.

scholarly journals Triggering Slow Waves During NREM Sleep in the Rat by Intracortical Electrical Stimulation: Effects of Sleep/Wake History and Background Activity

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1921-1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy ◽  
Ugo Faraguna ◽  
Chiara Cirelli ◽  
Giulio Tononi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Light Onset ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp

In humans, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep slow waves occur not only spontaneously but can also be induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Here we investigated whether slow waves can also be induced by intracortical electrical stimulation during sleep in rats. Intracortical local field potential (LFP) recordings were obtained from several cortical locations while the frontal or the parietal area was stimulated intracortically with brief (0.1 ms) electrical pulses. Recordings were performed in early sleep (1st 2–3 h after light onset) and late sleep (6–8 h after light onset). The stimuli reliably triggered LFP potentials that were visually indistinguishable from naturally occurring slow waves. The induced slow waves shared the following features with spontaneous slow waves: they were followed by spindling activity in the same frequency range (∼15 Hz) as spontaneously occurring sleep spindles; they propagated through the neocortex from the area of the stimulation; and compared with late sleep, waves triggered during early sleep were larger, had steeper slopes and fewer multipeaks. Peristimulus background spontaneous activity had a profound influence on the amplitude of the induced slow waves: they were virtually absent if the stimulus was delivered immediately after the spontaneous slow wave. These results show that in the rat a volley of electrical activity that is sufficiently strong to excite and recruit a large cortical neuronal population is capable of inducing slow waves during natural sleep.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Physiological Response Type (RA and SA) and Vibrissal Receptive Field of Neurons Within the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 3129-3145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Leiser ◽  
Karen A. Moxon
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Somatotopic Organization ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Relationship

Cells within the trigeminal ganglion (Vg) encode all the information necessary for the rat to differentiate tactile stimuli, yet it is the least-studied component in the rodent trigeminal somatosensory system. For example, extensive anatomical and electrophysiological investigations have shown clear somatotopic organization in the higher levels of this system, including VPM thalamus and SI cortex, yet whether this conserved schemata exists in the Vg is unknown. Moreover although there is recent interest in recording from vibrissae-responsive cells in the Vg, it is surprising to note that the locations of these cells have not even been clearly demarcated. To address this, we recorded extracellularly from 350 sensory-responsive Vg neurons in 35 Long-Evans rats. First, we determined three-dimensional locations of these cells and found a finer detail of somatotopy than previously reported. Cells innervating dorsal facial features, even within the whisker region, were more dorsal than midline and ventral features. We also show more cells with caudal than rostral whisker receptive fields (RF), similar to that found in VPM and SI. Next, for each vibrissal cell we determined its response type classified as either rapidly (RA) or slowly (SA) adapting. We examined the relationship between vibrissal RF and response type and demonstrate similar proportions of RA and SA cells responding to any whisker. These results suggest that if RA and SA cells encode distinct features of stimuli, as previously suggested, then at the basic physiological level each whisker has similar abilities to encode for such features.

Influences from laryngeal afferents on expiratory bulbospinal neurons and motoneurons

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Jodkowski ◽  
A. J. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Intercostal Nerve ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Afferent Activation ◽  
Expiratory Neurons ◽  
Stimulation Of

The purpose of this study is to analyze the reflex effects of laryngeal afferent activation on respiratory patterns in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, ventilated cats. We recorded simultaneously from the phrenic nerve, T10 internal intercostal nerve, and single bulbospinal expiratory neurons of the caudal ventral respiratory group (VRG). Laryngeal afferents were activated by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) or by cold-water infusion into the larynx. Both types of stimuli caused inhibition of phrenic activity and facilitation of internal intercostal nerve activity, indicating expiratory effort. The activity of 46 bulbospinal expiratory cells was depressed during SLN electrical stimulation, and 13 of them were completely inhibited. In 44 of 56 neurons tested, mean firing frequency (FFmean) was decreased in response to cold-water infusion and 8 others responded with increased FFmean; in the remaining 4 neurons, FFmean was unchanged. Possible reasons for different neuronal responses to SLN electrical stimulation and water infusion are discussed. We conclude that bulbospinal expiratory neurons of VRG were not the source of the reflex motoneuronal expiratory-like activity produced by SLN stimulation. Other, not yet identified inputs to spinal expiratory motoneurons are activated during this experimental condition.

Corticofugal Modulation of the Tactile Response Coherence of Projecting Neurons in the Gracilis Nucleus

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 2537-2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazareth P. Castellanos ◽  
Eduardo Malmierca ◽  
Angel Nuñez ◽  
Valeri A. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Sensory Stimulus ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Tactile Response ◽  
Stimulation Of

Precise and reproducible spike timing is one of the alternatives of the sensory stimulus encoding. We test coherence (repeatability) of the response patterns elicited in projecting gracile neurons by tactile stimulation and its modulation provoked by electrical stimulation of the corticofugal feedback from the somatosensory (SI) cortex. To gain the temporal structure we adopt the wavelet-based approach for quantification of the functional stimulus–neural response coupling. We show that the spontaneous firing patterns (when they exist) are essentially random. Tactile stimulation of the neuron receptive field strongly increases the spectral power in the stimulus and 5- to 15-Hz frequency bands. However, the functional coupling (coherence) between the sensory stimulus and the neural response exhibits ultraslow oscillation (0.07 Hz). During this oscillation the stimulus coherence can temporarily fall below the statistically significant level, i.e., the functional stimulus–response coupling may be temporarily lost for a single neuron. We further demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the SI cortex increases the stimulus coherence for about 60% of cells. We find no significant correlation between the increment of the firing rate and the stimulus coherence, but we show that there is a positive correlation with the amplitude of the peristimulus time histogram. The latter argues that the observed facilitation of the neural response by the corticofugal pathway, at least in part, may be mediated through an appropriate ordering of the stimulus-evoked firing pattern, and the coherence enhancement is more relevant in gracilis nucleus than an increase of the number of spikes elicited by the tactile stimulus.

scholarly journals Global Cerebral Vasodilatation Elicited by Focal Electrical Stimulation within the Dorsal Medullary Reticular Formation in Anesthetized Rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costantino Iadecola ◽  
Masatsugu Nakai ◽  
Ehud Arbit ◽  
Donald J. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Vasodilatation ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
Stimulation Of

We examined the effects of electrical stimulation of a restricted area of the dorsal medullary reticular formation (DMRF) on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in anesthetized (by chloralose), paralyzed (by curare) rats. CBF was measured in tissue samples by the Kety principle, with 14C-iodoantipyrine as indicator. Stimulation of DMRF elicited a widespread, significant increase in CBF in 12 of 13 areas. The increase in flow was greatest in cerebral cortex, up to 240% of control. However, it was also substantially increased in selected regions of telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and lower brainstem, but not cerebellum. In contrast, electrical stimulation of the midline (interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus) 1 mm medial to the DMRF did not change CBF. The increase in CBF evoked by DMRF stimulation persisted after transection of the spinal cord at C1 or cervical sympathetic trunk. We conclude that excitation of neurons originating in or passing through the DMRF can elicit a potent and virtually global increase of CBF. The effect appears to be mediated by intrinsic pathways of the central nervous system.

Mechanisms for generating temporal filters in the electrosensory system

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. Rose ◽  
E.S. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Temporal patterns of sensory information are important cues in behaviors ranging from spatial analyses to communication. Neural representations of the temporal structure of sensory signals include fluctuations in the discharge rate of neurons over time (peripheral nervous system) and the differential level of activity in neurons tuned to particular temporal features (temporal filters in the central nervous system). This paper presents our current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the transformations between these representations in electric fish of the genus Eigenmannia. The roles of passive and active membrane properties of neurons, and frequency-dependent gain-control mechanisms are discussed.

Interneurones in Crab Connectives (Carcinus Maenas (L.)): Giant Fibres

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-613
Author(s):  
PETER J. FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Dendritic Trees ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Giant Fibres ◽  
The Brain

Five interneurones with cell bodies and dendritic trees in the brain have axons 40-60µm diameter in one oesophageal connective. The fibres are phasic and multimodal, responding to visual and tactile stimuli. They have complex adaptation properties and two are suppressed completely during certain movements of the animal. The role of the fibres in overt behaviour has not been revealed by electrical stimulation or by examination of output in free walking animals. Several smaller interneurones in the connective are briefly described anatomically and physiologically.

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