Heterosynaptic cross-talk of pre- and postsynaptic strengths along segments of dendrites

SummaryDendrites are crucial for integrating incoming synaptic information. Individual dendritic branches are thought to constitute a signal processing unit, yet how neighbouring synapses shape the boundaries of functional dendritic units are not well understood. Here we addressed the cellular basis underlying the organization of the strengths of neighbouring Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses by optical quantal analysis and spine size measurements. Inducing potentiation at clusters of spines produced NMDA receptor-dependent heterosynaptic plasticity. The direction of postsynaptic strength change showed distance-dependency to the stimulated synapses where proximal synapses predominantly depressed whereas distal synapses potentiated; potentiation and depression were regulated by CaMKII and calcineurin, respectively. By contrast, heterosynaptic presynaptic plasticity was confined to weakening of presynaptic strength of nearby synapses, which required CaMKII and the retrograde messenger nitric oxide. Our findings highlight the parallel engagement of multiple signalling pathways, each with characteristic spatial dynamics in shaping the local pattern of synaptic strengths.

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Caspases and apoptosis

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/bse0380009 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 9-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 121

Author(s):

Guy S Salvesen

Keyword(s):

Cysteine Proteases ◽

Signalling Pathways ◽

Term Survival ◽

Mature Adult ◽

Intracellular Signalling Pathways ◽

Adult Cell ◽

Caspase Family ◽

Cell Fragments ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The ability of metazoan cells to undergo programmed cell death is vital to both the precise development and long-term survival of the mature adult. Cell deaths that result from engagement of this programme end in apoptosis, the ordered dismantling of the cell that results in its 'silent' demise, in which packaged cell fragments are removed by phagocytosis. This co-ordinated demise is mediated by members of a family of cysteine proteases known as caspases, whose activation follows characteristic apoptotic stimuli, and whose substrates include many proteins, the limited cleavage of which causes the characteristic morphology of apoptosis. In vertebrates, a subset of caspases has evolved to participate in the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thus members of the caspase family participate in one of two very distinct intracellular signalling pathways.

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Nutrient-regulated gene expression in eukaryotes

Biochemical Society Symposium ◽

10.1042/bss0730085 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 85-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Richard J. Reece ◽

Laila Beynon ◽

Stacey Holden ◽

Amanda D. Hughes ◽

Karine Rébora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Rna Polymerase ◽

Rna Polymerase Ii ◽

Transcriptional Control ◽

Direct Interaction ◽

Signalling Pathways ◽

A Cell ◽

One Step ◽

Higher Eukaryotes ◽

Regulated Gene Expression

The recognition of changes in environmental conditions, and the ability to adapt to these changes, is essential for the viability of cells. There are numerous well characterized systems by which the presence or absence of an individual metabolite may be recognized by a cell. However, the recognition of a metabolite is just one step in a process that often results in changes in the expression of whole sets of genes required to respond to that metabolite. In higher eukaryotes, the signalling pathway between metabolite recognition and transcriptional control can be complex. Recent evidence from the relatively simple eukaryote yeast suggests that complex signalling pathways may be circumvented through the direct interaction between individual metabolites and regulators of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. Biochemical and structural analyses are beginning to unravel these elegant genetic control elements.

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Distracted by Danger: Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Saccade Programming in the Presence of Threat

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e528942014-370 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Edwin S. Dalmaijer ◽

Manon Mulckhuyse

Keyword(s):

Spatial Dynamics ◽

Saccade Programming ◽

Temporal And Spatial

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Differential activation and regulation of interferon responsive signalling pathways in parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie ◽

10.1055/s-2006-931641 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 44 (01) ◽

Author(s):

P Grünewald ◽

J Wu ◽

M Trippler ◽

M Lu ◽

JF Schlaak

Keyword(s):

Liver Cells ◽

Signalling Pathways ◽

Differential Activation ◽

Parenchymal Liver

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Sozial-räumliche Dynamiken der Agrartreibstoffe.

PROKLA Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft ◽

10.32387/prokla.v46i184.123 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (184) ◽

pp. 423-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristina Dietz ◽

Bettina Engels ◽

Oliver Pye

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Capital Flows ◽

Spatial Dynamics ◽

Financial Sector ◽

Comprehensive Analysis ◽

Spatial Theory ◽

Global Political Economy

This article explores the spatial dynamics of agrofuels. Building on categories from the field of critical spatial theory, it shows how these categories enable a comprehensive analysis of the spatial dynamics of agrofuels that links the macro-structures of the global political economy to concrete, place-based struggles. Four core socio-spatial dynamics of agrofuel politics are highlighted and applied to empirical findings: territorialization, the financial sector as a new scale of regulation, place-based struggles and transnational spaces of resources and capital flows.

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Evaluation of Microbial Load from Canned Soya Milk Drinks in Malaysia

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences ◽

10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i01.04 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Nur Amalina binti Mustafa ◽

Muhammad Ashraf bin Redzuan ◽

Muhamad Hazim bin Zuraimi ◽

Muhamad Shuhaimi bin Shuib ◽

Shahnaz Majeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culture Media ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Nutrient Agar ◽

Microbial Load ◽

Blood Agar ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Processing Unit ◽

Soya Milk ◽

Two Samples

Objective: Owing to the habit of consuming ready food among the citizens of Malaysia a study was conducted to evaluate 20 samples of canned soya milk for the presence of possible microbial content. The samples were collected randomly from shopping malls, restaurants and kiosk in Ipoh Malaysia. Methods: All samples collected across Ipoh, were subjected to test for presence bacteria in nutrient agar, blood agar and macConkey media. The possible microbial load was swapped from surface and soya milk content with a sterile cotton and streaked on nutrient agar, blood agar and macConkey culture media. The streaked petri plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37oC. Results: The study revealed negative microbial growth in all except two samples from the surface and soya milk content collected from a restaurant in nutrient agar and blood agar medium. The presence of microbes was conformed as gram positive staphylococcus sp. through gram staining. The positive growth may be imputed to poor storage condition at the restaurant. Conclusion: It can be computed from the study that the majority of the samples were free from bacterial growth, suggesting strong in house quality control mechanism at the processing unit and exquisite storage conditions in malls and kiosk suggesting that soya milk available in malls and kiosk are fit for human consumption.

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