scholarly journals Clinical onset serial interval and diagnostic serial interval of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia K. Mettler ◽  
Marloes H. Maathuis
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Bootstrap Confidence Intervals ◽  
Clinical Onset ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Project Data

BACKGROUNDThe clinical onset serial interval, or the time between the onset of symptoms in successive cases in a chain of infection, is often used as a measurable proxy for the transmission serial interval of an infectious disease. Current estimates of the mean clinical onset serial interval of COVID-19 range from 3.96 to 7.5 days. In this article, we define the diagnostic serial interval as the time between the diagnosis dates of the infector and infectee. We study and compare the clinical onset and diagnostic serial intervals of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in South Korea.METHODSAnalyzing the DS4C project data which summarize information on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 cases reported by regional governments in South Korea, we estimate the means of the clinical onset serial interval, the diagnostic serial interval and the difference between the two. We use the balanced cluster bootstrap method to construct 95% bootstrap confidence intervals.RESULTSThe mean clinical onset serial interval and mean diagnostic serial interval were estimated to be 3.58 days (95% CI: 2.62, 4.53) and 3.68 days (95% CI: 3.14, 4.22), respectively. A matched sample analysis showed that the diagnostic serial interval was significantly shorter than the clinical onset serial interval (estimated mean difference −1.17 days, 95% CI: −2.26, −0.09).CONCLUSIONSThe short diagnostic serial interval of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in South Korea may explain why South Korea was able to contain the COVID-19 outbreak and avoid high mortality. We conjecture that the mean diagnostic serial interval may serve as a predictor for the success of a country’s containment efforts.

THE ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN IN MICE

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rerup ◽  
Pavo Hedner
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response Line ◽  
Free Plasma

ABSTRACT The assay of corticotrophin was performed in mice by means of small sample analysis of free plasma corticosteroids. In this method hypophysectomy was replaced by dexamethasone pretreatment. The response was measured preferably in a single mouse weighing 20 g or more. When mice of a lower body weight were used the plasma of two randomly assigned mice was pooled. Corticosteroids (mainly corticosterone) were determined fluorometrically in 0.25 (0.20) ml samples of plasma from heparinized blood. The results show that valid corticotrophin assays can be performed in mice both by the intravenous and subcutaneous route. Compared with the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method or the plasma corticosteroid method in the rat the assay in mice was found to be at least five times more sensitive. 40 micro-units of corticotrophin were consistently detectable. Precision was dependent on the route of administration, the mean index of precision (s/b) being 0.20 in the intravenous and 0.12 in the subcutaneous assay. The difference was due to a steeper slope of the logdose-response line after subcutaneous administration. Contrary to the findings in the rat, corticotrophin A (oxycel purified) did not differ significantly in potency estimates from subcutaneous and intravenous assays in mice, when crude corticotrophin (U. S. P. Corticotropin Reference Standard) was the basis of comparison. Accordingly results of subcutaneous assays of corticotrophin A samples in terms of the U. S. P. standard were lower in mice than in rats. The use of gelatine instead of saline as diluent in the subcutaneous assays yielded slightly but not significantly higher potency estimates (25 per cent). The interpretation of the results is that for intravenous corticotrophin assays the mouse method is comparable to the rat assay. For subcutaneous corticotrophin assays, however, the mouse method is not suitable, if crude corticotrophin (U. S. P. standard) is the basis of comparison, but if corticotrophin A (oxycel purified) is the standard of reference (e. g. the Third International Standard for Corticotrophin), the mouse method may justifiably be used. The advantages of the mouse method are increased sensitivity, precision, convenience, and economy.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Kadar Malondialdehide dan Tromboksan B2 pada Remaja dengan Dismenore dan Tanpa Dismenore

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berliana Irianti ◽  
Ermawati Ermawati ◽  
Arni Amir
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Biomedical Laboratory

Abstrak Penyebab dismenore belum semuanya diketahui, ada dugaan peningkatan proses peroksida lipid yang akan mengaktivasi mediator inflamasi pada endometrium yang menimbulkan rasa nyeri haid (dismenore). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan perbedaan kadar malondialdehide dan tromboksan B 2  pada dismenore dan tanpa dismenore. Studi observasional ini menggunakan desain potong lintang komparatif. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari dua kelompok yaitu 23 remaja dismenore dan 23 remaja tanpa dismenore dengan waktu penelitian dari Juni sampai Juli 2014. Analisis sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Biomedik dan Biokimia Universitas Andalas Padang. Pemeriksaan kadartromboksan B 2  menggunakan metode ELISA dan kadar malondialdehide menggunakan metode Asam Thiobarbiturat (TBA). Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa rerata kadar malondialdehid pada remaja dengan dismenore yaitu 2,60±0,63 µmol/ml, rerata remaja tanpa dismenore 1,98±0,12 µmol/ml dengan probabilitas p<0,05 (0,000), sedangkan reratakadar Tromboksan B 2  pada remaja dengan dismenore 20,043±9,56 ng/ml, rerata remaja tanpa dismenore 19,222±10,79 ng/ml, dengan probabilitas p>0,05 (0,786). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan rerata kadar malondialdehid pada remaja dengan dismenore dan tanpa dismenore dan tidak terdapatperbedaan signifikan pada kadar tromboksan B 2 pada remaja dengan dismenore dan tanpa dismenore.Kata kunci: remaja, dismenore, malondialdehide, tromboksan B2 Abstract The precise cause of dysmenorrhea is still unclear, there may be increased lipid peroxidation process will activate the inflammatory mediators at endometrium that cause menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). The objective of this study was to determine the difference of malondialdehyde levels and thromboxane B 2  levels in dysmenorrhea and without dysmenorrhea. It was an observational study with comparative cross-sectional design. The subjects consisted of two groups, they are 23 adolescent with dysmenorrhea and 23 adolescents without dysmenorrhea, done in Juny -July 2014. Sample analysis was conducted in Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Laboratory of Andalas University Padang. The examination of Thromboxane B 2  levels used ELISA and the examination of malondialdehyde levels used a Thiobarbituric acid method. The results showed the mean of malondialdehyde levels in adolescents withdysmenorrhea was 2.60±0.63 µmol/ml, the mean level in adolescent without dysmenorrhea was 1.98±0.12 µmol/ml with probability p<0.05 (0.000), while the mean levels of thromboxane B 2  in adolescents with dysmenorrhea was 20.043±9.56 ng/ml, the mean level in adolescent without dysmenorrhea was 19.222±10.79 ng/ml, with probabilityp>0.05 (0.786). It can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the mean of malondialdehyde levels between adolescents with dysmenorrhea and without dysmenorrhea and there is no significant differences in thromboxane B 2 level between adolescents with dysmenorrhea and without dysmenorrheaKeywords: adolescent, dysmenorrhea, malondialdehyde, thromboxane B2

scholarly journals Serial interval and basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasom Kim ◽  
Jisoo Jo ◽  
Jun-Sik Lim ◽  
Sukhyun Ryu
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

South Korea is experiencing the community transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). We estimated that the mean of the serial interval was 2.22 days, and the basic reproduction number was 1.90 (95% Credible Interval, 1.50-2.43) for the Omicron variant outbreak in South Korea.

scholarly journals Changes in the serial interval and transmission dynamics associated with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhyun Ryu ◽  
Dasom Kim ◽  
Jun-Sik Lim ◽  
Sheikh Taslim Ali ◽  
Benjamin J Cowling
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Serial Interval ◽  
The Mean

We estimated the mean serial interval and superspreading potential for the Delta variant SARS-CoV-2. As the Delta variant increased in prevalence, the mean serial interval declined from 4.0 to 2.5 days. However, the risk of superspreading events was similar, as 25% to 27% of cases seeded 80% of all transmission.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

Insulin release and pancreatic insulin is reduced in young prediabetic BB rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Svenningsen ◽  
Thomas Dyrberg ◽  
Helle Markholst ◽  
Christian Binder ◽  
Åke Lernmark
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Release ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Content ◽  
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Onset ◽  
Pancreatic Insulin ◽  
Pancreatic Insulin Content ◽  
Bb Rats ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. The pancreases of approximately 50 days old diabetes-prone BB/Hagedorn (BB/H) and of the genetically closely related, but non-diabetic BB w-subline (control BB) rats were perfused to determine the capacity of D-glucose to release insulin before the expected development of diabetes. The BB/H rats were from a colony with 82–84% incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by 140 days of age. The total amount of insulin released from the BB/H rat pancreas during stimulation with 20 mmol/l D-glucose was reduced by nearly 50% (P <0.01). The initial peak of insulin release was similar between the two groups of animals, whereas the amount of insulin released during the second peak accounted for the diminished release (P < 0.01). The extractable pancreatic insulin was 30% (P < 0.05) less in the BB/H rats. Total insulin release expressed relative to the pancreatic insulin content, was therefore not different between the two groups. It is concluded that about 20–40 days before the mean age of clinical onset of IDDM in BB/H rats, the capacity to release insulin in response to D-glucose is reduced along with a diminished pancreatic insulin content. This abnormality seems to be preceded only by islet cell surface antibodies but not by insulitis.

Being Mother:Comparative Study of the Contested Motherhood between South Korea and Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Desintha Asriani
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Family Routine ◽  
The Difference

This paper attempts to explain the discourse of motherhood in both South Korea and Indonesia. It is based on the interesting dynamic of being mother that is much influenced by the interrelated actions played by number of dominant actors around woman itself. By using a comparative study, it is found that the map or the trace of political economy in terms of developmental agenda, in fact drives the difference flows in shaping the notion of motherhood. In Indonesia, for being mother, women exist in the intersection of state intention, industrialization and culture pressure. Indonesian motherhood is interestingly in line with another analysis, such in their relation with housemaids. Meanwhile, in South Korea, the description of motherhood occurs in the middle of nationalism spirit, competition, ambience and family routine. Hence, this study concludes that being mother is highly contested and closely associated with the endless structural and cultural issues.

Development of Prolonged Delivery of Tramadol and Dissolution Translation by Statistical Data Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337
Author(s):  
P B Parejiya ◽  
B S Barot ◽  
P K Shelat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Matrix Tablet ◽  
Burst Effect ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency

The present study was carried out to fabricate a prolonged design for tramadol using Kollidon SR (Polyvinyl acetate and povidone based matrix retarding polymer). Matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression of Kollidon SR of a varying proportion with a fixed percentage of tramadol. Tablets containing a 1:0.5 (Drug: Kollidon SR) ratio exhibited a rapid rate of drug release with an initial burst effect. Incorporation of more Kollidon SR in the matrix tablet extended the release of drug with subsequent minimization of the burst effect as confirmed by the mean dissolution time, dissolution efficiency and f2 value. Among the formulation batches, a direct relationship was obtained between release rate and the percentage of Kollidon SR used. The formulation showed close resemblance to the commercial product Contramal and compliance with USP specification. The results were explored and explained by the difference of micromeritic characteristics of the polymers and blend of drug with excipients. Insignificant effects of various factors, e.g. pH of dissolution media, ionic strength, speed of paddle were found on the drug release from Kollidon-SR matrix. The formulation followed the Higuchi kinetic model of drug release. Stability study data indicated stable character of Batch T6 after short-term stability study.

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