scholarly journals The ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Minas Gerais, Brazil: insights from epidemiological data and SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joilson Xavier ◽  
Marta Giovanetti ◽  
Talita Adelino ◽  
Vagner Fonseca ◽  
Alana Vitor Barbosa da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
First Case ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Rapid Dissemination ◽  
Genome Analyses ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe recent emergence of a previously unknown coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), first confirmed in the city of Wuhan in China in December 2019, has caused serious public health and economic issues due to its rapid dissemination worldwide. Although 61,888 confirmed cases had been reported in Brazil by 28 April 2020, little was known about the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in the country. To better understand the recent epidemic in the second most populous state in southeast Brazil (Minas Gerais, MG), we looked at existing epidemiological data from 3 states and sequenced 40 complete genomes from MG cases using Nanopore. We found evidence of multiple independent introductions from outside MG, both from genome analyses and the overly dispersed distribution of reported cases and deaths. Epidemiological estimates of the reproductive number using different data sources and theoretical assumptions all suggest a reduction in transmission potential since the first reported case, but potential for sustained transmission in the near future. The estimated date of introduction in Brazil was consistent with epidemiological data from the first case of a returning-traveler from Lombardy, Italy. These findings highlight the unique reality of MG’s epidemic and reinforce the need for real-time and continued genomic surveillance strategies as a way of understanding and therefore preparing against the epidemic spread of emerging viral pathogens.

scholarly journals Bayesian Estimation of real-time Epidemic Growth Rates using Gaussian Processes: local dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in England

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Marcela Guzman Rincon ◽  
Edward M Hill ◽  
Louise Dyson ◽  
Michael J Tildesley ◽  
Matt J Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Regional Growth ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Quantitative Assessments

Quantitative assessments of the recent state of an epidemic and short-term projections into the near future are key public health tools that have substantial policy impacts, helping to determine if existing control measures are sufficient or need to be strengthened. Key to these quantitative assessments is the ability to rapidly and robustly measure the speed with which the epidemic is growing or decaying. Frequently, epidemiological trends are addressed in terms of the (time-varying) reproductive number R. Here, we take a more parsimonious approach and calculate the exponential growth rate, r, using a Bayesian hierarchical model to fit a Gaussian process to the epidemiological data. We show how the method can be employed when only case data from positive tests are available, and the improvement gained by including the total number of tests as a measure of heterogeneous testing effort. Although the methods are generic, we apply them to SARS-CoV-2 cases and testing in England, making use of the available high-resolution spatio-temporal data to determine long-term patterns of national growth, highlight regional growth and spatial heterogeneity.

Perfil Epidemiológico de Pacientes Submetidos à Biópsia Gástrica em um Hospital Escola do Sul de Minas Gerais/ Epidemiological Profile of Patients Undergo Gastric Biopsy in a School Hospital of Minas Gerais

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Isabela Maria A. Ribeiro Simões ◽  
Ana Carolina Mauad Coli ◽  
Roseane de Souza Candido Irulegui
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Gastric Biopsy ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Gastric Diseases ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de lesões benignas e neoplasia gástrica através do estudo de biópsias realizadas em um Hospital Escola do Sul de Minas Gerais, no período entre 2007 e 2011. Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa documental foi quantitativa e retrospectiva, baseada na análise dos registros de biópsias e prontuários. Realizou-se o levantamento de dados referentes à idade, gênero, cor, profissão, diagnóstico histopatológico e presença de Helicobacter pylori nas amostras. Resultados: O número total de biópsias gástricas analisadas foi de 1225, cujo perfil populacional encontrado foi: idade média de 56,75 anos, sexo masculino (52%), cor branca (81,9 %), aposentado (30%). Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram: gastrites (71,9%), pólipos (14,2%), adenocarcinomas (5,9%), úlceras gástricas (6%), linfomas (0,4%), sem alterações (0,4%) e outros (1,2%). Em outros, encontram-se achados de malignidade, metaplasia e xantelasma gástrico. Em relação à presença de Helicobacter pylori nas amostras, o resultado encontrado foi de24% positivas, 46% negativas e 30% não pesquisadas. Conclusão: Os resultados confirmam a alta frequência das doenças gástricas e sua incidência nas diversas faixas etárias, além do envolvimento do H. pylori em tais afecções. É de grande importância a caracterização dos dados epidemiológicos, o que permite prováveis direcionamentos para programas de prevenção e informação para a população. Palavras-chave: biópsia gástrica, gastropatia, perfil epidemiológico.  ABSTRACTObjective: To determine the prevalence of benign lesions and gastric cancer through study of biopsies performed at a school hospital in southern Minas Gerais, in the period between 2007 and 2011.Materials and Methods: The research was quantitative and retrospective, based on analysis of biopsies records and medical records. We conducted the survey data regarding age, sex, color, profession, histopathological diagnosis and the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the samples. Results: The total number of gastric biopsies analyzed was 1225. Population listing was found: mean age of 56.75 years, male (52%), white (81.9%), retired (30%). The most frequent diagnoses were gastritis (71.9%), polyps (14.2%), adenocarcinomas (5.9%), gastric ulcers (6%), lymphoma (0.4%), unchanged (0, 4%) and others (1.2%). In others, there are: findings of malignancy, metaplasia, gastric xanthelasma. Regarding the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the sample, the result was: 24% positive, 46% negative, 30% non searched. Conclusion: The results confirm the high frequency of gastric diseases and their incidence in the various age groups additionally to the involvement of H. pylori in such conditions. It is of great importance to characterize the epidemiological data, allowing probable directions for prevention and information programs for population. Keywords: gastric biopsy, gastropathy, epidemiological profile

Forecast of COVID-19 Cases in Nigeria: An implementation of an ARIMA model (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanyaolu Ameye ◽  
Michael Awoleye ◽  
Emmanuel Agogo ◽  
Ette Etuk
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Arima Model ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Epidemiological Trend ◽  
Data Points

BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) is a global pandemic and Nigeria is not left out in being affected. Though, the disease is just over three months since first case was identified in the country, we present a predictive model to forecast the number of cases expected to be seen in the country in the next 100 days. OBJECTIVE To implement a predictive model in forecasting the near future number of positive cases expected in the country following the present trend METHODS We performed an Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model prediction on the epidemiological data obtained from Nigerian Centre for Disease Control to predict the epidemiological trend of the prevalence and incidence of COVID-2019. RESULTS There were 93 time series data points which lacked stationarity. From our ARIMA model, it is expected that the number of new cases declared per day will keep rising and towards the early September, 2020, Nigeria is expected to have well above sixty thousand confirmed cases. CONCLUSIONS We however believe that as we have more data points our model will be better fine-tuned.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS INFECTION BY INTRADERMAL REACTION IN RURAL AREAS IN ALFENAS, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro Monteiro de Sá Magalhães ◽  
Carla de Fátima Ribeiro ◽  
Carla Silva Dâmaso ◽  
Luiz Felipe Leomil Coelho ◽  
Roberta Ribeiro Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of paracoccidioidal infection by intradermal reaction (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, DTH) to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in rural areas in Alfenas, Southern Minas Gerais (MG) State, Brazil, and to assess risk factors (gender, occupation, age, alcohol intake and smoking) associated with infection. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study using intradermal tests with gp 43 paracoccidioidin in 542 participants, who were previously contacted by local health agents and so spontaneously attended the test. Participants underwent an interview by filling out a registration form with epidemiological data and were tested with an intradermal administration of 0.1 mL of paracoccidioidin in the left forearm. The test was read 48 hours after injection and was considered positive if induration was greater than or equal to 5 mm. Out of 542 participants, 46.67% were positive to the skin test. Prevalence increased in accordance with an increase of age. There was statistical significance only for males. Occupation, alcohol intake and smoking habits were not significantly associated with the risk of paracoccidioidomycosis infection. There is relevance of paracoccidioidomycosis infection in such rural areas, which suggests that further epidemiological and clinical studies on this mycosis should be done in the southern part of Minas Gerais State.

scholarly journals Inventário da fauna de Hymenoptera parasitóides coletados com redes de varredura em um fragmento da Serra da Babilônia, no sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais.

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Diego Galvão Pádua ◽  
Sônia Lúcia Modesto Zampieron
Keyword(s):  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
First Case ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Southwestern State

Os himenópteros parasitóides representam o grupo mais rico em espécies dentro da ordem. Este estudo teve por objetivo inventariar a fauna de himenópteros parasitóides, em nível de família, num fragmento da Serra da Babilônia, no sudoeste mineiro, através de redes de varredura, no período de Setembro de 2009 a outubro de 2010. Foram coletados um total de 445 exemplares de himenópteros parasitóides, distribuídos em 20 famílias, contidas em sete superfamílias. Em termos de superfamílias, 55% eram Chalcidoidea (12 famílias/247 exemplares); 23% Ichneumonoidea (duas famílias/104 exemplares); 14% Platygastroidea (duas famílias/64 exemplares); 3% Proctrotrupoidea (uma família/14 exemplares); 2% Ceraphronoidea (uma família/sete exemplares); 2% Cynipoidea (uma família/ sete exemplares); 1% Chrysidoidea (uma família/ duas exemplares. As superfamílias Chalcidoidea e Ichneumonoidea foram as mais representativas, havendo uma significativa supremacia numérica no primeiro caso: doze famílias ao todo. Destas, duas se sobressaírem em número de exemplares: Eulophidae e Pteromalidae, ambas contendo um grande número de espécies descritas, com hábitos e habitats bastante diversificados e com grande variedade de hospedeiros o que, certamente, pode explicar o grande número de indivíduos coletados. Quanto ao segundo caso, o destaque ficou com a família Braconidae, cujo número de representantes encontrados foi significativamente maior do que a segunda família do grupo. O estudo revelou que a região amostrada ainda se encontra bastante preservada, principalmente no que tange à diversidade de himenópteros parasitóides presente. Isto garante a manutenção das relações ecológicas e o fortalecimento das cadeias, e fornece os sustentáculos para que o equilíbrio ambiental não se desfaça. Inventory of the Fauna of Hymenoptera Parasitoids Collected with Sweep Nets in a Fragment of the Serra da Babilônia, in the Southwestern State of Minas Gerais Abstract. The hymenopterans parasitoids represent the richest group in species within this order. This study aimed to inventory the fauna of hymenopterans parasitoids, in family level, in a fragment of Serra da Babilônia (Southwest of Minas Gerais), through sweep nets, in a period of September 2009 to October 2010. Were collected a totality of 445 specimens of hymenopterans parasitoids, distributed in 20 families, contained in seven superfamilies. In terms of superfamily, 55% were Chalcidoidea (12 families/247 specimens); 23% Ichneumonoidea (two families/104 specimens); 14% Platygastroidea (two families/64 specimens); 3% Proctrotrupoidea (one families/14 specimens); 2% Ceraphronoidea (one families/seven specimens); 2% Cynipoidea (one families/seven specimens); 1% Chrysidoidea (one families/two specimens). The superfamilies Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea were the most representative, with a significant numerical supremacy in the first case: twelve families in all. These, two excelled in number of specimens: Eulophidae and Pteromalidae, both containing a large number of described species, with habits and habitats very diversified and with large variety of host that certainly can explain the large number of specimens collected. About the second case, the highlight was family Braconidae, that the number of representatives found was significantly higher than the second family of the group. The study realized that the sampled region still is very preserved, mainly in regard to the diversity of hymenopterans parasitoids present. This ensures the maintenance of ecological relationships and the strengthening of chains, and provides the underpinnings for the environmental equilibrium will not come apart.

scholarly journals Genomic investigation of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from Gambian women and newborns following an oral dose of intra-partum azithromycin

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 3170-3178
Author(s):  
Abdoulie Bojang ◽  
Sarah L Baines ◽  
Liam Donovan ◽  
Romain Guerillot ◽  
Kerrie Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Macrolide Resistance Gene ◽  
Genome Analyses ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Oral azithromycin given during labour reduces carriage of bacteria responsible for neonatal sepsis, including Staphylococcus aureus. However, there is concern that this may promote drug resistance. Objectives Here, we combine genomic and epidemiological data on S. aureus isolated from mothers and babies in a randomized intra-partum azithromycin trial (PregnAnZI) to describe bacterial population dynamics and resistance mechanisms. Methods Participants from both arms of the trial, who carried S. aureus in day 3 and day 28 samples post-intervention, were included. Sixty-six S. aureus isolates (from 7 mothers and 10 babies) underwent comparative genome analyses and the data were then combined with epidemiological data. Trial registration (main trial): ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01800942. Results Seven S. aureus STs were identified, with ST5 dominant (n = 40, 61.0%), followed by ST15 (n = 11, 17.0%). ST5 predominated in the placebo arm (73.0% versus 49.0%, P = 0.039) and ST15 in the azithromycin arm (27.0% versus 6.0%, P = 0.022). In azithromycin-resistant isolates, msr(A) was the main macrolide resistance gene (n = 36, 80%). Ten study participants, from both trial arms, acquired azithromycin-resistant S. aureus after initially harbouring a susceptible isolate. In nine (90%) of these cases, the acquired clone was an msr(A)-containing ST5 S. aureus. Long-read sequencing demonstrated that in ST5, msr(A) was found on an MDR plasmid. Conclusions Our data reveal in this Gambian population the presence of a dominant clone of S. aureus harbouring plasmid-encoded azithromycin resistance, which was acquired by participants in both arms of the study. Understanding these resistance dynamics is crucial to defining the public health drug resistance impacts of azithromycin prophylaxis given during labour in Africa.

scholarly journals Cross-Disciplinary Genomics Approaches to Studying Emerging Fungal Infections

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Pria N. Ghosh ◽  
Lola M. Brookes ◽  
Hannah M. Edwards ◽  
Matthew C. Fisher ◽  
Phillip Jervis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Wildlife Health ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Emerging Fungal Infections ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Made In

Emerging fungal pathogens pose a serious, global and growing threat to food supply systems, wild ecosystems, and human health. However, historic chronic underinvestment in their research has resulted in a limited understanding of their epidemiology relative to bacterial and viral pathogens. Therefore, the untargeted nature of genomics and, more widely, -omics approaches is particularly attractive in addressing the threats posed by and illuminating the biology of these pathogens. Typically, research into plant, human and wildlife mycoses have been largely separated, with limited dialogue between disciplines. However, many serious mycoses facing the world today have common traits irrespective of host species, such as plastic genomes; wide host ranges; large population sizes and an ability to persist outside the host. These commonalities mean that -omics approaches that have been productively applied in one sphere and may also provide important insights in others, where these approaches may have historically been underutilised. In this review, we consider the advances made with genomics approaches in the fields of plant pathology, human medicine and wildlife health and the progress made in linking genomes to other -omics datatypes and sets; we identify the current barriers to linking -omics approaches and how these are being underutilised in each field; and we consider how and which -omics methodologies it is most crucial to build capacity for in the near future.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Containment Measures to Control the Spread of COVID-19 in North Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ouail Ouchetto ◽  
Asmaa Drissi Bourhanbour ◽  
Mounir Boumhamdi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
First Case ◽  
Containment Measures

ABSTRACT Objectives: Since the first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, identified in December 2019, in Wuhan in China, the number of cases rapidly increased into a pandemic. Governments worldwide have adopted different strategies and measures to interrupt the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The main objective was to report and evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted measures in North Africa countries. Methods: In these countries, the effective reproductive number R(t), the naïve case fatality rate, and the adjusted case fatality rate were estimated and compared on different dates. Results: The obtained results show that the early strict application of containment measures and confinement could help contain the spread of the epidemic and maintain the number of deaths low. Conclusions: These measures might be useful for other countries that are experiencing the start of local COVID-19 outbreaks. They could also serve to halt the spread of new epidemics or pandemics.

scholarly journals Sub-Tenon Injections of Triamcinolone Acetonide Had Limited Effect on Cystoid Macular Edema Secondary to Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound-Paclitaxel (Abraxane)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Matsuoka ◽  
Hiruma Hasebe ◽  
Tetsuji Mayama ◽  
Takeo Fukuchi
Keyword(s):  
Macular Edema ◽  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Cystoid Macular Edema ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Japanese Woman ◽  
First Case ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Near Future

Purpose. To report the first case of cystoid macular edema (CME) induced by nanoparticle albumin-bound- (nab-) paclitaxel treated with sub-Tenon injections of triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) with detailed long-term follow-up.Case. A 39-year-old Japanese woman with breast cancer presents with decreased vision in both eyes while receiving nab-paclitaxel. Two STTA treatments were administered for persistent CME in her right eye. Central retinal thickness (CRT) of the treated eye decreased after the first STTA, but there was no change after the second STTA. CRT of the other eye and bilateral visual acuity (VA) showed no change after each treatment. However, this patient experienced gradual recovery of visual function after nab-paclitaxel treatment was completed, 3 months after the second STTA. Improvements in VA and CRT did not overlap in time. Moreover, there was a big improvement time lag in VA between the eyes.Conclusion. Cessation of nab-paclitaxel could lead to resolution of CME more than STTA, although STTA had some effect. Since nab-paclitaxel has been recently approved for treating more types of malignancies, the number of the patients with this CME is expected to increase in the near future. Patients and physicians should understand this side effect and prepare for other treatment options.

Transmission dynamics of primary pneumonic plague in the USA

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. HINCKLEY ◽  
B. J. BIGGERSTAFF ◽  
K. S. GRIFFITH ◽  
P. S. MEAD
Keyword(s):  
Severe Form ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Pneumonic Plague ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Using Data

SUMMARYPlague is thought to have killed millions during three catastrophic pandemics. Primary pneumonic plague, the most severe form of the disease, is transmissible from person-to-person and has the potential for propagating epidemics. Efforts to quantify its transmission potential have relied on published data from large outbreaks, an approach that artificially inflates the basic reproductive number (R0) and skews the distribution of individual infectiousness. Using data for all primary pneumonic plague cases reported in the USA from 1900 to 2009, we determined that the majority of cases will fail to transmit, even in the absence of antimicrobial treatment or prophylaxis. Nevertheless, potential for sustained outbreaks still exists due to superspreading events. These findings challenge current concepts regarding primary pneumonic plague transmission.

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