scholarly journals How the Motor Aspect of Speaking Influences the Blink Rate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Brych ◽  
Supriya Murali ◽  
Barbara Händel
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Auditory Input ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Patient Interviews ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
A Minor

AbstractThe blink rate increases if a person indulges in a conversation compared to quiet rest. Since various factors were suggested to explain this increase, the present study tested the influence of motor activity, cognitive processes and auditory input on the blink rate but at the same time excluding any social interaction. While the cognitive and auditory factors only showed a minor influence, mere mouth movements during speaking highly increased the blink rate. Even more specific, lip movements, but less jaw movements, are likely responsible for the increase during a conversation. Such purely motor related influences on the blink rate advise caution when using blinks as neurological indicators during patient interviews.

scholarly journals How the motor aspect of speaking influences the blink rate

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258322
Author(s):  
Mareike Brych ◽  
Supriya Murali ◽  
Barbara Händel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Auditory Input ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Patient Interviews ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Tongue Movements

The blink rate increases if a person indulges in a conversation compared to quiet rest. Since various factors were suggested to explain this increase, the present series of studies tested the influence of different motor activities, cognitive processes and auditory input on the blink behavior but at the same time minimized visual stimulation as well as social influences. Our results suggest that neither cognitive demands without verbalization, nor isolated lip, jaw or tongue movements, nor auditory input during vocalization or listening influence our blinking behavior. In three experiments, we provide evidence that complex facial movements during unvoiced speaking are the driving factors that increase blinking. If the complexity of the motor output increased such as during the verbalization of speech, the blink rate rose even more. Similarly, complex facial movements without cognitive demands, such as sucking on a lollipop, increased the blink rate. Such purely motor-related influences on blinking advise caution particularly when using blink rates assessed during patient interviews as a neurological indicator.

Structure-activity relations and β-lactamase resistance

1980 ◽  
Vol 289 (1036) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Sulphur Atom ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance ◽  
Structure Activity Relations ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
A Minor

β-Lactam antibiotics resistant to β-lactamase degradation can be produced by many chemical modifications, but often at the expense of antibacterial activity. Substitution onto several positions in the molecule produces different and often selective resistance; for instance, heavily sterically hindered acyl groups give staphylococcal P-lactamase resistance to penicillins, and resistance to some enzymes from Gram-negative pathogens to both penicillins and cephalosporins. 6-α- or 7-α-substituents respectively confer a broad spectrum of resistance (e.g. cefoxitin), but changes at positions 2 or 3 have only a minor influence on enzyme susceptibility. Changes in the ring condensed with the β-lactam, such as changing ceph-3-em to ceph-2-em may greatly enhance stability. Small improvements can occur when the nuclear sulphur atom is oxidized, but a much better effect is obtained when it is replaced by another atom such as oxygen, as in clavulanic acid. This compound appears to have broad spectrum resistance which is actually due to susceptibility and subsequent product inhibition.

Lubrication Properties of Aqueous Solutions with Polyethoxylated Ether (PEOE) Added

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 1359-1363
Author(s):  
Chao Hui Zhang ◽  
Si Si Liu ◽  
Yue Tao Sun ◽  
Jun Ming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Functional Additives ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
Forming Characteristics ◽  
Aqueous Surfactants ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Lubrication Properties

Aqueous solutions have found broad usages as lubricants, in conjunction with other possible utilizations, such as in metal working and other industries. Due to the inferior lubricity, functional additives are needed to improve their tribological performances among which aqueous surfactants are exclusively included. The film forming property of aqueous solution with polyethoxylated ether added (PEOE) is measured, taking consideration of the influences of the temperature and the concentration. The addition of PEOEs into aqueous solutions will largely increase the film forming capacity. But the concentration has only a minor influence on the lubrication property of the aqueous solutions with PEOEs. The cloud point will strongly alter the film forming characteristics.

scholarly journals Influence of Different Commercial Yeasts on Volatile Fraction of Sparkling Wines

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Valeriu V. Cotea ◽  
Mihai Cristian Focea ◽  
Camelia Elena Luchian ◽  
Lucia Cintia Colibaba ◽  
Elena Cristina Scutarașu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Organization ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
Spectrometry Technique ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Aging Stage

The occurrence of aroma constituents in sparkling wines, with direct impact on their organoleptic characteristics, is affected by several factors, for example the base-wine particularities, grapes cultivar conditions, inoculated yeasts, the aging stage, and wine-making practices. This study evaluated the influence of different four commercial yeasts (IOC FIZZ™, IOC DIVINE™, LEVULIA CRISTAL™, and IOC 18-2007™) on the volatile composition of experimental sparkling wines. For this, five sparkling wines variants from the Muscat Ottonel grape variety were obtained. The base-wine was obtained through reverse osmosis and had a predetermined alcoholic concentration (10.5% vol.). In order to fulfill the proposed purpose, the experimental sparkling wines were characterized by the physical–chemical parameters (according to International Organization of Vine and Wine methods of analysis), volatile fraction (using gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry technique), and sensory descriptors. Data showed a key impact on the concentration of the volatile constituents (p < 0.05), depending on the type of inoculated yeast for the second fermentation. Regarding the sensory analysis, important differences can be observed due to the type of inoculated yeast. Only a minor influence on the physical–chemical parameters was registered.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton thermal responses adapt in the absence of hard thermodynamic constraints

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios - Georgios Kontopoulos ◽  
Erik van Sebille ◽  
Michael Lange ◽  
Gabriel Yvon-Durocher ◽  
Timothy G. Barraclough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Performance Curve ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Thermal Performance Curve ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
A Minor

AbstractTo better predict how populations and communities respond to climatic temperature variation, it is necessary to understand how the shape of the response of fitness-related traits to temperature evolves (the thermal performance curve). Currently, there is disagreement about the extent to which the evolution of thermal performance curves is constrained. One school of thought has argued for the prevalence of thermodynamic constraints through enzyme kinetics, whereas another argues that adaptation can—at least partly—overcome such constraints. To shed further light on this debate, we perform a phylogenetic meta-analysis of the thermal performance curves of growth rate of phytoplankton—a globally important functional group—, controlling for environmental effects (habitat type and thermal regime). We find that thermodynamic constraints have a minor influence on the shape of the curve. In particular, we detect a very weak increase of maximum performance with the temperature at which the curve peaks, suggesting a weak “hotter-is-better” constraint. Also, instead of a constant thermal sensitivity of growth across species, as might be expected from strong constraints, we find that all aspects of the thermal performance curve evolve along the phylogeny. Our results suggest that phytoplankton thermal performance curves adapt to thermal environments largely in the absence of hard thermodynamic constraints.

Chronic Stress in Cognitive Processes: Cortisol Dynamic Range of Secretion is Associated with Perception of Unsafety Environment in a Venezuelan Population

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Carlos Ayala-Grosso ◽  
Fátima Torrico ◽  
Margot Ledezma-Ruiz ◽  
Maria Busolo-Pons
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Saliva Cortisol ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Behavioral Attitudes

Background: Understanding diurnal secretion of cortisol in association with behavioral attitudes as a result of perception of unsafety environment is a main interest in prospective studies establishing the impact of chronic stress in cognitive processes. Adaptive secretion of cortisol, a biomarker of the hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal (HPA) axis, has been correlated with perception of uncertainty in surroundings as a consequence of perseverative cognition and unconscious thoughts. Objective: To determine whether diurnal secretion pattern of cortisol was associated with behavioral attitudes indexes generated from answers to standardized questionnaires from Panamerican Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) agencies. Methods: Saliva cortisol dynamic range was evaluated by immuno-essay. Cortisol awakening response (CAR) and total secreted cortisol was established in a cross-sectional study of four saliva samples per day from volunteers (n = 135) between 19 and 65 years old. Results: Saliva cortisol dynamic range followed a significant decay along the day. Reduction of social interaction and increase of defensive behavioral attitude was associated with older groups of age. In this study, two subgroups of subjects with a steeper cortisol secretion (slope significant non-zero), and flatter cortisol secretion (slope no significant non-zero) were detected. Noticeable, we detected and association between measurements of cortisol secretion from subjects with a flatter cortisol dynamic range and behavioral defensive and inhibition of social interaction indexes. Conclusion: These findings suggested chronical dysregulation of HPA axis as a result of perseverative cognitive perception of unsafety environment which may be precedent to cognitive impairment in the population.

Meiofauna constitute a considerable portion of invertebrate drift among moss-rich patches within a karst hydrosystem

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirela Perić ◽  
Tvrtko Dražina ◽  
Maria Špoljar ◽  
Ines Radanović ◽  
Biserka Primc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Small Spatial Scale ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
Drift Density ◽  
A Minor

AbstractAiming to establish the most frequent invertebrate taxa in drift at the small spatial scale within a moss-rich karst tufa-precipitating hydrosystem, we sampled drift among microhabitats differing in substratum type and flow conditions along a tufa barrier-cascading lotic reach. Additionally, we addressed the question of the contribution and the potential significance of meiofauna within the overall invertebrate drift at the small spatial scale. During the study period, a total of 60 invertebrate taxa were recorded in the drift. Six of these taxa belonged to the annelid/arthropod meiofauna and they represented 35% of total drift density. Macroinvertebrates found in drift were represented mainly by larval insects. The composition of the most abundant taxa in total drift was as follows: Alona spp. (Cladocera 26.7%), Riolus spp. (Coleoptera: Elmidae 13.2%), Simulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae 12.2%), Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta 10.4%), Hydrachnidia (6.3%), Orthocladinae (Diptera: Chironomidae 3.9%) and Naididae (Oligochaeta 3.6%). Faunal drift densities and amounts of transported particulate matter (PM) were highest at the fast-flowing sites located at the barriers and lowest at the slow-flowing sites within pools. Similarly to the seasonal amounts of transported PM, faunal drift was lowest in winter, and peaked in autumn and in late spring/early summer. Correlation between flow velocity and PM-faunal drift densities suggested a significant effect of the dislodged PM, though a minor influence of discharge and flow velocity on faunal drift. We suggest that the small-scale habitat heterogeneity and the respective feeding and refugial strategies of the fauna, as well as faunal passive dislodgement initiated by the shear forces of the flow were the most important drivers of observed drift patterns.

scholarly journals Perspective determines the production and interpretation of pointing gestures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Herbort ◽  
Lisa-Marie Krause ◽  
Wilfried Kunde
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Observer Perspective ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
Pointing Gestures ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Pointing is a ubiquitous means of communication. Nevertheless, observers systematically misinterpret the location indicated by pointers. We examined whether these misunderstandings result from the typically different viewpoints of pointers and observers. Participants either pointed themselves or interpreted points while assuming the pointer’s or a typical observer perspective in a virtual reality environment. The perspective had a strong effect on the relationship between pointing gestures and referents, whereas the task had only a minor influence. This suggests that misunderstandings between pointers and observers primarily result from their typically different viewpoints.

Clay mineral distribution in the Devonian-Carboniferous sandstones of the Clair Field, west of Shetland, and its significance for reservoir quality

Clay Minerals ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Pay ◽  
T. R. Astin ◽  
A. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Reservoir Quality ◽  
Pore Waters ◽  
Aeolian Sediments ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
Clay Coating ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Pore Lining

AbstractThe Devonian-Carboniferous reservoir of the Clair Field contains a complex and variably abundant clay mineral assemblage. An abrupt vertical change in clay mineralogy has been observed in both wells studied (UKCS 206/8-7 and 206/8-8) from being rich in Mg-chlorite, chlorite- smectite (including dioctahedral corrensite), illite, illite-smectite and Fe-chlorite, to being smectite- rich. This change broadly coincides with the unconformable boundary between the Lower Clair Group and Upper Clair Group of the reservoir which possibly defines the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. The clay minerals present reflect interaction between: (1) tectonic stability and climate that controlled the detrital composition of the sediment; (2) the pore-waters that developed; and (3) the result of diagenetic modification.Matrix porosity and permeability is severely restricted where the pore-lining clays are abundant (>15%) and where the clays bridge or fill pores. The type of clay mineral species appears to have a minor influence on reservoir quality, although they may be extremely important during production. The best reservoir quality occurs in mature aeolian sediments with a thin illite and illite-smectite clay coating.

Flickerless Regeneration Rates for CRT Displays as a Function of Scan Order and Phosphor Persistence

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda B. Dill ◽  
John D. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Order ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
A Minor

The effects of two variables on the regeneration rates required to prevent flicker on CRT displays were investigated in this computer-automated experiment. The two variables were the sequential order in which the display was scanned (e.g., horizontal, vertical, or pseudo-random scanning) and the persistence of the phosphor on the display. Twenty-one different scan orders and two phosphors (P-12 and P-38) were used. Results showed that flickerless regeneration rates depended principally upon phosphor persistence; scan order had only a minor influence. The main effect of random and pseudorandom scanning was to reduce the disturbing effects of display flicker when it did occur, rather than to reduce significantly the regeneration rate at which flicker did not occur.

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