scholarly journals Overcoming Reporting Delays Is Critical to Timely Epidemic Monitoring: The Case of COVID-19 in New York City

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E Harris
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
York City ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Specimen Processing ◽  
Reporting Delays ◽  
The Individual

During a fast-moving epidemic, timely monitoring of case counts and other key indicators of disease spread is critical to an effective public policy response. We describe a nonparametric statistical method - originally applied to the reporting of AIDS cases in the 1980s - to estimate the distribution of reporting delays of confirmed COVID-19 cases in New York City. During June 21 - August 1, 2020, the estimated mean delay in reporting was 5 days, with 15 percent of cases reported after 10 or more days. Relying upon the estimated reporting-delay distribution, we project COVID-19 incidence during the most recent three weeks as if each case had instead been reported on the same day that the underlying diagnostic test had been performed. The statistical method described here overcomes the problem of reporting delays only at the population level. The method does not eliminate reporting delays at the individual level. That will require improvements in diagnostic technology, test availability, and specimen processing.

scholarly journals The Role of the Physical and Social Environment in Observed and Self-Reported Park Use in Low-Income Neighborhoods in New York City

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier E. Otero Peña ◽  
Hanish Kodali ◽  
Emily Ferris ◽  
Katarzyna Wyka ◽  
Setha Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Low Income ◽  
York City ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Park Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

Physical and social environments of parks and neighborhoods influence park use, but the extent of their relative influence remains unclear. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the physical and social environment of parks and both observed and self-reported park use in low-income neighborhoods in New York City. We conducted community- (n = 54 parks) and individual-level (n = 904 residents) analyses. At the community level, observed park use was measured using a validated park audit tool and regressed on the number of facilities and programmed activities in parks, violent crime, stop-and-frisk incidents, and traffic accidents. At the individual level, self-reported park use was regressed on perceived park quality, crime, traffic-related walkability, park use by others, and social cohesion and trust. Data were collected in 2016–2018 and analyzed in 2019–2020. At the community level, observed park use was negatively associated with stop-and-frisk (β = −0.04; SE = 0.02; p < 0.05) and positively associated with the number of park facilities (β = 1.46; SE = 0.57; p < 0.05) and events (β = 0.16; SE = 0.16; p < 0.01). At the individual level, self-reported park use was positively associated with the social cohesion and trust scale (β = 0.02; SE = 0.01; p < 0.05). These results indicate that physical and social attributes of parks, but not perceptions of parks, were significantly associated with park use. The social environment of neighborhoods at both community and individual levels was significantly related to park use. Policies for increasing park use should focus on improving the social environment of parks and surrounding communities, not only parks' physical attributes. These findings can inform urban planning and public health interventions aimed at improving the well-being of residents in low-income communities.

Effects of Charging Infrastructure and Non-Electric Taxi Competition on Electric Taxi Adoption Incentives in New York City

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaeyoung Jung ◽  
Joseph Y. J. Chow
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Average Revenue ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Queue Delay ◽  
Charging Stations

With major investments in electric taxis emerging around the world, there is a need to better understand resource allocation trade-offs in subsidizing electric vehicle taxis (e-taxis) and investing in electric charging infrastructure. This is addressed using simulation experiments conducted in New York City: 2016 taxi pickups/drop-offs, a Manhattan road network (16,782 nodes, 23,337 links), and 212 charging stations specified by a 2013 Taxi & Limousine Commission study. The simulation is based on a platform used to evaluate taxi operations in California and Seoul. Eleven scenarios are analyzed: a baseline of 7,000 non-electric taxis, five scenarios ranging from 1,000 e-taxis to 5,000 e-taxis, and another five scenarios in which the e-taxis have infinite chargers as an upper bound. The study finds that the number of charging locations recommended in the earlier study may be insufficient at some locations even under the 3,000+ e-taxi scenarios. More importantly, despite an average revenue of $260 per taxi for the 7,000 non-electric taxis and about $247 per taxi for electric taxis over the finite charger scenarios, the revenue gap between e-taxis and non-electric taxis in a mixed fleet increases significantly as the e-taxi share increases. This is because the increasing queue delay imposed on e-taxis gives non-electric taxis an increasing competitive advantage, raising their average revenue from $260 per taxi (1,000 e-taxis) up to $286 per taxi (5,000 e-taxis, 150% revenue gap increase), all other operating costs being equal. This has implications for individual versus whole-fleet policies, as the individual-oriented policies may be less effective.

Adaptation to Future Risks in Coastal Megacities — New York City Case Study: Local Assessment and Survey Findings in Water Front Neighborhoods

2018 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildegaard Link ◽  
Chris Barrett
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Water Front

Risk management regimes develop as stakeholders attempt to reduce vulnerability to hazards and limit the damage and disruption from disasters. Urban coastal regions are often hotspots of climate change-related risks. Analysis of different characteristics of vulnerability, resilience, and transformation is an important precursor to planning and decision making. While these concepts are not new, in many areas they remain very abstract. This paper offers a method to assess vulnerability at the individual household scale in different New York City water front neighborhoods that were extensively damaged during hurricane Sandy in 2012. Household Surveys were conducted in Red Hook, Brooklyn and Edgemere/Arverne, Queens in early 2016. Survey results suggest that at the household level, feelings of preparedness and trust in local government’s ability to effectively manage and respond to extreme weather differ with the varying political/economic climates of each neighborhood. Our survey results also indicate that residents are changing their emergency planning behavior, regardless of politics or economics. Responses show residents adapting their thinking to acknowledge the potential for increasing risk from extreme weather events in both locations studied.

Learning Freedom: Education, Elevation, and New York's African-American Community, 1827–1829

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-645
Author(s):  
Michael Hines
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
African American ◽  
York City ◽  
The United States ◽  
African American Community ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
American Citizenship ◽  
The Individual

Even though the black community of antebellum New York City lived in a society that marginalized them socially and economically, they were intent on pursuing the basic privileges of American citizenship. One tactic African Americans employed to this end was the tenacious pursuit of education, which leaders believed would act both as an aid in economic advancement and as a counterargument against the widely assumed social inferiority of their race. The weekly newspaper, Freedom's Journal, the first African American owned and operated newspaper in the United States, was an avid supporter of this strategy of social elevation through education. From 1827 to 1829, the paper's editors, John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish, used their platform to advertise for a range of schools, editorialize on the importance of learning, and draw connections between the enlightenment of the individual and the progress of the race.

scholarly journals Individual-Level Fitness and Absenteeism in New York City Middle School Youths, 2006–2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M. D’Agostino ◽  
Sophia E. Day ◽  
Kevin J. Konty ◽  
Michael Larkin ◽  
Subir Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Individual Level

scholarly journals Hospital Payer and Racial/Ethnic Mix at Private Academic Medical Centers in Boston and New York City

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roosa Sofia Tikkanen ◽  
Steffie Woolhandler ◽  
David U. Himmelstein ◽  
Nancy R. Kressin ◽  
Amresh Hanchate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Academic Medical Centers ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Academic medical centers (AMCs) are widely perceived as providing the highest-quality medical care. To investigate disparities in access to such care, we studied the racial/ethnic and payer mixes at private AMCs of New York City (NYC) and Boston, two cities where these prestigious institutions play a dominant role in the health care system. We used individual-level inpatient discharge data for acute care hospitals to examine the degree of hospital racial/ethnic and insurance segregation in both cities using the Index of Dissimilarity, together with recent changes in patterns of care in NYC. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, black patients in NYC were two to three times less likely than whites, and uninsured patients approximately five times less likely than privately insured patients, to be discharged from AMCs. In Boston, minorities were overrepresented at AMCs relative to other hospitals. NYC hospitals were more segregated overall according to race/ethnicity and insurance than Boston hospitals, and insurance segregation became more pronounced in NYC after the Affordable Care Act. Although health reform improved access to insurance, access to AMCs remains limited for disadvantaged populations, which may undermine the quality of care available to these groups.

scholarly journals Highlighting the ratio of sodium to potassium in population-level dietary assessments: cross-sectional data from New York City, USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2484-2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella S Yi ◽  
Christine J Curtis ◽  
Sonia Y Angell ◽  
Cheryl AM Anderson ◽  
Molly Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dual Frame ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
Random Digit Dial

AbstractObjectiveTo contrast mean values of Na:K with Na and K mean intakes by demographic factors, and to calculate the prevalence of New York City (NYC) adults meeting the WHO guideline for optimal Na:K (<1 mmol/mmol, i.e. <0·59 mg/mg) using 24 h urinary values.DesignData were from the 2010 Community Health Survey Heart Follow-Up Study, a population-based, representative study including data from 24 h urine collections.SettingParticipants were interviewed using a dual-frame sample design consisting of random-digit dial telephone exchanges that cover NYC. Data were weighted to be representative of NYC adults as a whole.SubjectsThe final sample of 1656 adults provided 24 h urine collections and self-reported health data.ResultsMean Na:K in NYC adults was 1·7 mg/mg. Elevated Na:K was observed in young, minority, low-education and high-poverty adults. Only 5·2 % of NYC adults had Na:K in the optimal range.ConclusionsNa intake is high and K intake is low in NYC adults, leading to high Na:K. Na:K is a useful marker and its inclusion for nutrition surveillance in populations, in addition to Na and K intakes, is indicated.

scholarly journals 522. Evaluation of Three COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Regimens in the Context of Rising B.1.526 Prevalence in New York City

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S362-S362
Author(s):  
Hongkai Bao ◽  
Yi Guo ◽  
Kelsie Cowman ◽  
Victor Chen ◽  
Priya Nori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
New York City ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
York City ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Urban Hospital ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Monoclonal antibodies were given emergency use authorization (EUA) by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of high-risk, outpatient COVID-19 infection. In New York City (NYC), the emergence and rapid growth of the B.1.526 variant of concern (VOC) possessing the E484K mutation was first noted in February 2021. In-vitro studies subsequently confirmed attenuated monoclonal antibody neutralization against VOCs. At our institution, bamlanivimab (BAM) alone or with etesevimab (B/E) and casirivimab/imdevimab (C/I) were utilized at different phases of the pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess their comparative efficacies in a highly variant prevalent setting. Methods This retrospective analysis was conducted at an urban hospital in the Bronx, NY and evaluated adult monoclonal antibody recipients from any of our infusion sites. Patients initially received BAM but given the high prevalence of variants, treatment was transitioned to first B/E and then C/I exclusively. We compared BAM versus combination therapy as well as B/E versus C/I individually. The primary outcome was all-cause hospital admission within 30 days post infusion. Results From February 1 to March 7, 2021, 358 patients received BAM and from March 17 to May 9, 2021, 86 and 179 patients received B/E and C/I, respectively. Compared to any combination infusion, patients who received BAM were significantly older, more likely to possess ≥ 2 qualifying EUA criteria, and less likely to be vaccinated for COVID-19 prior to infusion (Table 1). Following B/E and C/I, 4.5% of patients were admitted versus 10.1% for BAM, p=0.011. There were no significant differences in admission between B/E and C/I recipients, p=0.485. After excluding fully vaccinated patients (n=14) and adjusting for age and ≥ 2 EUA criteria, combination therapy remained associated with decreased odds of hospitalization compared to BAM (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.94). Conclusion Combination therapy may be associated with fewer hospital admissions following infusion, although there were no statistically significant differences between the individual combination infusions. We suggest similar studies be conducted by other sites to understand the clinical impact of local SARS-CoV-2 variants on antibody efficacy. Disclosures Yi Guo, PharmD, BCIDP, Merck (Research Grant or Support) Kelsie Cowman, MPH, Merck (Research Grant or Support) Priya Nori, MD, Merck (Grant/Research Support) Priya Nori, MD, Nothing to disclose

scholarly journals Pruning Digital Contact Networks for Meso-scale Epidemic Surveillance Using Foursquare Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Hurtado ◽  
Radu Marculescu ◽  
Justin A. Drake ◽  
Ravi Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dynamic Contact ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Contact Networks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meso Scale

AbstractWith the recent boom in human sensing, the push to incorporate human mobility tracking with epidemic modeling highlights the lack of groundwork at the meso-scale (e.g., city-level) for both contact tracing and transmission dynamics. Although GPS data has been used to study city-level outbreaks, current approaches fail to capture the path of infection at the individual level. Consequently, in this paper, we extend the usefulness of epidemics prediction from estimating the size of an outbreak at the population level to estimating the individuals who may likely get infected within a finite period of time. To this end, we propose a network-based method to first build and then prune the dynamic contact networks for recurring interactions; these networks can serve as the backbone topology for mechanistic epidemics modeling. We test our method using Foursquare’s Points of Interest (POI) smart-phone geolocation data from over 1.3 million devices and show that we can recreate the COVID-19 infection curves for two major (yet very different) US cities (i.e., Austin and New York City) while maintaining the granularity of individual transmissions and reducing model uncertainty. Our method provides a foundation for building a disease prediction framework at the meso-scale that can help both policy makers and individuals of their estimated state of health and help with pandemic planning.

scholarly journals A Surveillance-Based Hepatitis C Care Cascade, New York City, 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda S. Moore ◽  
Angelica Bocour ◽  
Fabienne Laraque ◽  
Ann Winters
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
York City ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Care Cascade ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Direct Acting

Objectives: The care cascade, a method for tracking population-level progression from diagnosis to cure, is an important tool in addressing and monitoring the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic. However, little agreement exists on appropriate care cascade steps or how best to measure them. The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) sought to construct a care cascade by using laboratory surveillance data with clinically relevant categories that can be readily updated over time. Methods: We identified all NYC residents ever reported to the DOHMH surveillance registry with HCV through June 30, 2017 (n = 175 896). To account for outmigration, death, or treatment before negative RNA results became reportable to the health department, we limited the population to people with any test reported since July 1, 2014. Of these residents, we identified the proportion with a reported positive RNA test and estimated the proportion treated and cured since July 2014 by using DOHMH-developed surveillance-based algorithms. Results: Of 78 886 NYC residents ever receiving a diagnosis of HCV and tested since July 1, 2014, a total of 70 397 (89.2%) had ever been reported as RNA positive through June 30, 2017; 36 875 (46.7%) had initiated treatment since July 1, 2014, and 23 766 (30.1%) appeared cured during the same period. Conclusion: A substantial gap exists between confirming HCV infection and initiating treatment, even in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Using this cascade, we will monitor progress in improved treatment and cure of HCV in NYC.

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