scholarly journals Botanical Medicines with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Jacob Leone ◽  
Sunjya Schweig ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Bartonella Henselae ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Herbal Product ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽  
Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Scutellaria Barbata ◽  
Cryptolepis Sanguinolenta

ABSTRACTBartonella henselae is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium which is the causative agent of cat scratch disease. In humans, infections with B. henselae can result in acute or chronic systemic infections with various clinical symptoms including local skin lesions, malaise, aches, chills, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, or meningoencephalitis. The current treatment for Bartonella infections with antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin is not always effective presumably due to bacterial persistence. There have been various anecdotal reports of herbal extracts used for treating patients with persistent Bartonella infections but their activity on B. henselae is unknown. To test the potential antimicrobial activity of botanical or herbal medicines and develop better therapies for persistent Bartonella infections, in this study, we screened an herbal product collection against stationary phase B. henselae in vitro using SYBR Green I/ propidium iodide (PI) viability assay. These herbal medicines were selected by the fact that they are commonly used to treat Lyme and co-infections by patients and herbalists, and as a follow-up to our recent study where these herbs were tested against B. burgdorferi. We identified five herbal product extracts that had high activity against stationary phase B. henselae at 0.5% (v/v), including Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra, Polygonum cuspidatum, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Scutellaria barbata. Among them, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra, and Polygonum cuspidatum could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within 7 days at 0.25% (v/v) in drug exposure time-kill assay, whereas Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria barbata showed relatively poor activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log phase growing B. henselae. Our findings may help to develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Natural and Botanical Medicines for Activity against Growing and Non-growing Forms ofB. burgdorferi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Feng ◽  
Jacob Leone ◽  
Sunjya Schweig ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Uncaria Tomentosa ◽  
Cryptolepis Sanguinolenta ◽  
Botanical Medicines

AbstractLyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the US. Although the current recommended Lyme antibiotic treatment can cure the majority of Lyme disease patients, about 10-20% patients continue to suffer from persisting symptoms. There have been various anecdotal reports on the use of herbal extracts for treating patients with persisting symptoms with varying degree of improvements. However, it is unclear whether the effect of the herb products is due to their direct antimicrobial activity or their effect on host immune system. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of 12 commonly used botanical medicines and 3 other natural antimicrobial agents for potential anti-Borrelia burgdorferiactivity in vitro. Primary criteria for selecting compounds for the present study included agents that had shown significant anti-borrelial effects in previous studies, have favorable safety profiles, and can be absorbed systemically. Among them, 9 natural product extracts at 1% were found to have good activity against the stationary phaseB. burgdorfericulture compared to the control antibiotics doxycycline and cefuroxime. These active herbs includeCryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra(Black walnut),Polygonum cuspidatum(Japanese knotweed),Artemesia annua(Sweet wormwood),Uncaria tomentosa(Cat’s claw),Cistus incanus, andScutellaria baicalensis(Chinese skullcap). In contrast,Stevia rebaudiana, Andrographis paniculata, Grapefruit seed extract, colloidal silver, monolaurin, and antimicrobial peptide LL37 had little or no activity against stationary phaseB. burgdorferi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ofArtemesia annua, Juglans nigra, andUncaria tomentosawere quite high for growingB. burgdorferi, despite their strong activity against the non-growing stationary phaseB. burgdorfericells. On the other hand, the top two active herbs,Cryptolepis sanguinolentaandPolygonum cuspidatum, showed strong activity against both growingB. burgdorferi(MIC=0.03%-0.06% and 0.25%-0.5% respectively) and non-growing stationary phaseB. burgdorferi. In subculture studies, only 1%Cryptolepis sanguinolentaextract caused complete eradication, while current Lyme antibiotics doxycycline and cefuroxime and other active herbs includingPolygonum cuspidatum, Artemesia annua, Juglans nigraandUncaria tomentosacould not eradicateB. burgdorferistationary phase cells as many spirochetes were visible after 21-day subculture. Further studies are needed to identify the active ingredients of the effective herbs and evaluate their combinations for more effective eradication ofB. burgdorferiin vitro and in vivo. The implications of these findings for more effective treatment of persistent Lyme disease are discussed.

scholarly journals Botanical Medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia Demonstrate Inhibitory Activity Against Babesia duncani

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumin Zhang ◽  
Hector Alvarez-Manzo ◽  
Jacob Leone ◽  
Sunjya Schweig ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽  
Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽  
Cryptolepis Sanguinolenta ◽  
Botanical Medicines ◽  
Human Babesiosis

Human babesiosis is a CDC reportable disease in the United States and is recognized as an emerging health risk in multiple parts of the world. The current treatment for human babesiosis is suboptimal due to treatment failures and unwanted side effects. Although Babesia duncani was first described almost 30 years ago, further research is needed to elucidate its pathogenesis and clarify optimal treatment regimens. Here, we screened a panel of herbal medicines and identified Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Alchornea cordifolia, and Polygonum cuspidatum to have good in vitro inhibitory activity against B. duncani in the hamster erythrocyte model. Furthermore, we found their potential bioactive compounds, cryptolepine, artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, and baicalein, to have good activity against B. duncani, with IC50 values of 3.4 μM, 14 μM, 7.4 μM, 7.8 μM, and 12 μM, respectively, which are comparable or lower than that of the currently used drugs quinine (10 μM) and clindamycin (37 μM). B. duncani treated with cryptolepine and quinine at their respective 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× IC50 values, and by artemether at 8× IC50 for three days could not regrow in subculture. Additionally, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta 90% ethanol extract also exhibited no regrowth after 6 days of subculture at doses of 2×, 4×, and 8× IC50 values. Our results indicate that some botanical medicines and their active constituents have potent activity against B. duncani in vitro and may be further explored for more effective treatment of babesiosis.

scholarly journals Identification of FDA-Approved Drugs with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Li ◽  
Jie Feng ◽  
Shuzhen Xiao ◽  
Wanliang Shi ◽  
David Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Bartonella Henselae ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Pyrvinium Pamoate ◽  
Effective Treatments

Bartonella henselae can cause various infections in humans, ranging from benign and self-limiting diseases to severe and life-threatening diseases as well as persistent infections that are difficult to treat. To develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections, in this study, we performed a high-throughput screen of an FDA-approved drug library against stationary phase B. henselae using the SYBR Green I/propidium iodide (PI) viability assay. We identified 110 drug candidates that had better activity against stationary phase B. henselae than ciprofloxacin, and among the top 52 drug candidates tested, 41 drugs were confirmed by microscopy to have higher activity than the current frontline antibiotic erythromycin. The identified top drug candidates include pyrvinium pamoate, daptomycin, methylene blue, azole drugs (clotrimazole, miconazole, sulconazole, econazole, oxiconazole, butoconazole, bifonazole), aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin), amifostine (Ethyol), antiviral Lopinavir/ritonavir, colistin, nitroxoline, nitrofurantoin, verteporfin, pentamidine, berberine, aprepitant, olsalazine, clinafloxacin, and clofoctol. Pyrvinium pamoate, daptomycin, methylene blue, clotrimazole, and gentamicin and streptomycin at their respective maximum drug concentration in serum (Cmax) had the capacity to completely eradicate stationary phase B. henselae after 3-day drug exposure in subculture studies. While the currently used drugs for treating bartonellosis, including rifampin, erythromycin, azithromycin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin, had very low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against growing B. henselae, they had relatively poor activity against stationary phase B. henselae, except aminoglycosides. The identified FDA-approved agents with activity against stationary phase B. henselae should facilitate development of more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.

scholarly journals Herbal Medicines Pre-Marketing Registration Process in the State of Kuwait: An up-to-Date Overview of the Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Herbal Product ◽  
The State ◽  
Food Control ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Registration Process ◽  
Marketing Process ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
The State Of Kuwait

All herbal medicines (HMs) in Kuwait are imported from other countries and are registered by the Kuwait Drug and Food Control and Administration (KDFC). In order for a HM to be approved into the Kuwaiti market, several steps must be taken consisting of agent and company registration and herbal product registration. Each step requires that specific regulatory and scientific documents be submitted, assessed and evaluated in the relevant unit at the KDFC. Some concerns and safety issues have been identified in the current HM registration process because of the absence of important regulatory measures. Therefore, this review aims to describe the most up-to-date pre-marketing process and procedures carried out to assess the approval of imported HMs into the Kuwaiti market and address the current challenges of the process.

scholarly journals Essential Oils with High Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Wanliang Shi ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
High Activity ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Bartonella Henselae ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Cinnamon Bark

Bartonella henselae is a fastidious Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that can cause cat scratch disease, endocarditis in humans and animals, as well as other complications, leading to acute or chronic infections. The current treatment for Bartonella infections is not very effective presumably due to bacterial persistence. To develop better therapies for persistent and chronic Bartonella infections, in this study, with the help of SYBR Green I/PI viability assay, we performed a high-throughput screening of an essential oil library against the stationary phase B. henselae. We successfully identified 32 essential oils that had high activity, including four essential oils extracted from Citrus plants, three from Origanum, three from Cinnamomum, two from Pelargonium, and two from Melaleuca, as well as frankincense, ylang-ylang, fir needle, mountain savory (winter), citronella, spearmint, elemi, vetiver, clove bud, allspice, and cedarwood essential oils. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these 32 top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log-phase growing B. henselae. The time-kill assay showed 13 active hits, including essential oils of oregano, cinnamon bark, mountain savory (winter), cinnamon leaf, geranium, clove bud, allspice, geranium bourbon, ylang-ylang, citronella, elemi, and vetiver, could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within seven days at the concentration of 0.032% (v/v). Two active ingredients, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, of oregano and cinnamon bark essential oils, respectively, were shown to be very active against the stationary phase B. henselae such that they were able to eradicate all the bacterial cells even at the concentration ≤ 0.01% (v/v). More studies are needed to identify the active components of some potent essential oils, decode their antimicrobial mechanisms, and evaluate their activity against Bartonella infections in animal models.

Interaction between Warfarin and the Herbal Product Quilinggao

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 836-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna LN Wong ◽  
Thomas YK Chan
Keyword(s):  
Warfarin Therapy ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Herbal Product ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Antithrombotic Effects ◽  
Anticoagulation Control ◽  
Fritillaria Cirrhosa

OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient with loss of anticoagulation control and bleeding after consumption of the combination herbal product quilinggao. CASE SUMMARY: A 61-year-old man who was stable on warfarin therapy regularly consumed a jelly-like herbal product called quilinggao (“essence of tortoise shell”). Five days after the daily consumption of a second brand of quilinggao, he developed easy gum bleeding, epistaxis, and skin bruising with an international normalized ratio (INR) >6.0. Warfarin therapy was temporarily withdrawn until the INR decreased to 1.9. On the day of hospital discharge, he took a third brand of quilinggao against medical advice. Three days later, his INR was 5.2. Warfarin therapy was again temporarily withheld and the patient counseled about an apparent herb–warfarin interaction. He could not remember the name of the third brand of quilinggao. DISCUSSION: Quilinggao is a very popular Chinese herbal product. There are many different brands, and the composition of herbal products varies between manufacturers. Chuanbeimu ( Fritillaria cirrhosa) in the first brand and beimu ( Fritillaria spp.), chishao ( Paeoniae rubra, Chinese peony), jinyinhua ( Lonicera japonica), and jishi ( Poncirus trifoliata) in the second brand of quilinggao have antiplatelet and/or antithrombotic effects. Loss of anticoagulation control occurred after consumption of the second and third brands of quilinggao, possibly due to the presence of a greater number of interacting herbs. An objective causality assessment revealed that the observed reaction was highly probable to be related to the ingestion of the second and third brands of quilinggao. CONCLUSIONS: Quilinggao contains herbal ingredients that can interact with warfarin. Patients on warfarin therapy should be discouraged from taking herbal medicines, especially preparations that are already known to have antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects.

scholarly journals Essential Oils with High Activity Against Stationary Phase Bartonella Henselae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Wanliang Shi ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
High Activity ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Bartonella Henselae ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Cinnamon Bark

Bartonella henselae is a fastidious Gram-negative intracellular bacterium which can cause cat scratch disease, endocarditis in humans and animals as well as other complications, leading to acute or chronic infections. The current treatment for Bartonella infections is not very effective due to antibiotic resistance and also persistence. To develop better therapies for persistent and chronic Bartonella infections, in this study, with the help of SYBR Green I/PI viability assay, we performed a high-throughput screening of an essential oil library against stationary phase B. henselae. We successfully identified 32 essential oils that had high activity, including four essential oils extracted from Citrus plants, three from Origanum, three from Cinnamomum, two from Pelargonium and two from Melaleuca, as well as frankincense, ylang ylang, fir needle, mountain savory (winter), citronella, spearmint, elemi, vetiver, clove bud, allspice and cedarwood essential oils. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these 32 top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log phase growing B. henselae. The time-kill curve by drug exposure assay showed 13 active hits, including essential oils of oregano, cinnamon bark, mountain savory (winter), cinnamon leaf, geranium, clove bud, allspice, geranium bourbon, ylang ylang, citronella, elemi and vetiver, could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within 7 days at the concentration of 0.032% (v/v). Two active ingredients, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, of oregano and cinnamon bark essential oils, respectively, were shown to be very active against stationary phase B. henselae such that they were able to eradicate all the bacterial cells even at the concentration ≤ 0.01% (v/v). Our finding of active essential oils may help to develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.

scholarly journals MANIA INDUCED BY STEROID-ADULTERATED HERBAL MEDICINE: A CASE REPORT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Lay Yen Gan ◽  
Luke Sy-cherng Woon ◽  
Maria Ulfaahmad Zawawi ◽  
Marhani Midin
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Herbal Product ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Interaction ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Product Consumption ◽  
Culturally Influenced ◽  
Psychiatric Complications

Traditional herbal medicines are generally perceived as natural and safe. Nonetheless, adulteration of such complementary products, including Chinese Proprietary Medicines with undeclared drugs, notably steroids, is a recognized problem. While there are many accounts of Cushing’s syndrome due to steroid content in traditional medicines, psychiatric complications caused by the similar insults are not reported throughout the literature. We report a case of acute mania after the short-term use of steroid-adulterated herbal product in a previously healthy young male. It shows that psychiatric complications can occur in such a scenario without the physical and metabolic features of Cushing’s syndrome, and pharmacodynamic interaction between the herbal ingredient and adulterant is a possible factor. The case also highlights the need for awareness of culturally influenced health product consumption and its potential effects on clinical conditions, as well as the important role of a robust surveillance system for such products.

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