Solvent Extraction and Phytochemical Screening of Seeds, Coats, Pods and Leaves of Moringa Plant

The potency of six different solvents in extracting phytochemicals from the seeds, coats, pods and leaves of moringa plant was investigated. The seeds, coats, pods and leaves of the plant were cut into smaller pieces, air-dried, ground into powdery sample, sieved with 40 mm mesh size and properly labelled. Each sample was individually extracted using six different solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water and acetone) at ratio 1: 10 for 72 h. Each solvent extract was screened for twelve phytochemicals (alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, cardiac glycoside, reducing sugar, tannin, quinone, volatile oil, phenol, terpenoid, phlobatannin and steroid). It was observed that the seeds and leaves of moringa plant were richest in phytochemicals followed by moringa pods and the least was in moringa coat. In all the six solvents used, thirty-four bioactive ingredients were detected in seeds and leaves of moringa plant while twenty-eight phytochemicals were obtained in moringa pods and twenty-one bioactive ingredients were gotten from moringa coats. In all the plant samples, twenty-three bioactive ingredient were detected in ethanol extract; twenty-one were obtained in each of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts; water extract had sixteen phytochemicals and chloroform extract had fifteen bioactive ingredients. Among the solvents used for extraction for all the plant samples, ethanol ranked first while acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol ranked second, water ranked third and chloroform was the least in ranking.

Retrospective Study of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Dosing of Heparin in Adult Patients receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Background: Appropriate chemical and/or mechanical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is a high priority for clinicians. Unfortunately, there is little evidence-based guidance for clinical decision making for patients requiring both renal replacement therapy and VTE prophylaxis. The package insert for unfractionated heparin recommends 5000 units subcutaneously every 8 to 12 hours for VTE prophylaxis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the two recommended dosing intervals and determine if there is a difference in terms of incidence of clotting or bleeding events. Methods: 159 patients were admitted to the UNC Health Care system between March 2014 and November 2019 and retrospectively screened for incidence of both the primary composite efficacy outcome (symptomatic or asymptomatic vascular event (VTE [DVT and PE]), ischemic event (stroke, TIA, or myocardial infarction), or death related to coagulopathy), the individual components of the composite outcome and the primary safety outcome. The results of the outcomes were then compared and analyzed using Fischer’s Exact test. Results: The two tailed p-values of the primary composite efficacy outcome (0.3517), the primary safety outcome (0.1571) and each of the composite outcomes (0.1556, 1.0000, 0.2297, respectively) showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Results of this study show that there is no statistical difference between the dosing intervals of prophylactic UFH of every 8 to 12 hours, in terms of the incidence of VTE and major bleed events, for patients requiring CRRT. Suggesting that either interval is both efficacious and safe for the use of VTE prophylaxis.

A Review On: Nutraceuticals Challenges in Formulation and Its Regulatory Aspects

Nutraceuticals have sparked great attention because of their perceived safety, The current article focuses on the need for appropriate diets, health issues associated with failure to adhere to the known healthy eating models, development of new nutraceuticals/functional foods/food supplements with novel health benefits, elucidation mechanisms of action of these products, and to define and understand the analytical, challenges during the formulation of different dosage form, current scenario in India, future and regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals. the Indian industry and regulatory scenario are relatively nascent and have great potential to develop and compete with other international agencies. This is a rapidly growing industry in India and several initiatives have been taken in this direction to make India one of the key future players in the area of nutraceuticals. This article can help you stay up to date on the latest advancements in nutraceutical research.

Effect of Gait Parameters On Balance and Quality of Life in Recovering Stroke Patients- A Correlation Study

Introduction: Stroke is neurovascular disease caused by disruption of blood flow to brain, result in neurological deficit. As a consequence of stroke there will be loss of leg strength and impaired balance that may affect walking ability. Gait parameters are also affected as a consequences of stroke. Overall affection of gait parameters and balance will affect Quality of Life. Objective: The study is conducted to find out relationship between Gait parameters, Balance and Quality of Life in recovering stroke patients- A Correlation Study” Material and Methodology: Total 32 patients were screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data was taken. At the time of discharge from the hospital Health status was assessed with use of stroke Impact scale. TUG was taken to measure the Balance. Gait velocity was calculated by use of 6 minute walk test. Result: Total 32 Recovering stroke Patients have participated in the study. All the stroke patients who have participated in the study were having mean age of 52.65 years and participants of both the genders were included. Amongst the participants’ males were 78.21% and females were 21.9%. Were included in the study. Participants with both sided strokes were consider for data collection. Stroke impact scale score has found to have positive correlation with Gait velocity, and stride length, and negative correlation with TUG. (P = .001 to P = .031). TUG score correlated negatively with Gait Velocity and Stride Length. Conclusion: Gait parameters have impact on Quality of Life have but will not produce much difference on balance. There is no significant influence of gait parameters on Balance.

Nano-Fertilizers - A Cutting Edge Approach for Sustainable Agriculture

Nanostructured fertilizers or nano-fertilizers are in the form of nanocarriers, nanocapsules or nanonutrients that should be considered as smart fertilizers that can improve plant nutrient utilization efficiency, control nutrient release and reduce environmental impact. However, there is an urgent need to standardize and evaluate the toxicity of nanomaterials used in the synthesis of nano-fertilizers. Therefore, detailed agricultural field and greenhouse surveys are highly recommended for performance evaluation of nano-fertilizers.

Evaluation of Present Status of Hypertension at Port City Chattogram, Bangladesh: A Survey Study

Hypertension is one of the most common Non-Communicable Diseases, which is increasing day by day, and its complications account for 9.4 million annual deaths worldwide. The rate of hypertension in Chattogram is relatively higher and majority are undiagnosed hypertension. This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of hypertension on the population of Chattogram and to determine the complication of Hypertension. This survey study was carried out from June 2019 to December 2019. From the survey, it was found that about 49% of people have hypertension in age between 20-49, 43% people have in age between 50-79, about 12% people have in age above 80, and majority of population have hypertension in age between 20-49. Among them, about 46% of male are suffered fromhypertension whereasfemale are 57%. Hence, the risk of hypertension is higherin female rather than in male. About 50% of people have systolic blood pressure range above 130, 38% people have above 160, 10 people have above 180 & 6% people have above 100. About 44% of people have blood relative with hypertension, about 35% people do not have & about 24% people do not aware of the relative with hypertension. Among them about 21% people are given metformin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in hypertension & about 10% people are given both metformin & glibenclamide. About 54% of people are given Enalapril, 33% people are given Amlodipine, 7% people are given both enalapril & Amlodipine and 5% people are given hydrochlorothiazide. Compliance with treatment was relatively high; however, accessessibilty of drugs was mainly from private pharmacies. Hypertension was significantly associated with increasing age, being male, unemployment and obesity.

Optimising the use of antimicrobial medicines in Sudan

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a priority area identified by the Government of Sudan and development partners. This paper is part of a study in Sudan using the available documents covering relevant fields pertaining to AMR and interviews with key informants from World Health Organization (WHO) office Sudan, Federal Ministry of Health and other relevant entities. Documents were obtained from related websites for policies, strategies, guidelines, reports, and plans as well relevant international and government agencies in Khartoum. The study was guided by the WHO’s five strategic objectives of Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. This paper focuses on the fourth objective on optimising the use of antimicrobial medicines in human health and animal health. The study revealed the presence of numerous policies and guidelines on antibiotic use and generic prescribing at different levels with little evidence of their implementation. There were a lack of supervisory or monitoring systems to ensure proper and rational prescribing, and appropriate dispensing of antimicrobials in both public and private sectors. The system is weakened due to low capacity for monitoring and checking as a result of limited resources both in terms of human resources, skills, tools and quality checks to ensure the quality of medicines post-marketing. There is a need to set up a quality management system within the existing structures for the distribution, prescription and dispensing of antibiotics in both public and private institutions. The system should clearly define the processes and provide adequate resources to ensure appropriate monitoring and control of antibiotic distribution, prescription and dispensing

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Biological Systems: A Systemic Review

Nanotechnology has evolved a great deal. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles in particular has been widely studied. The current review focuses on different studies across the globe that adopted different methods and biological system to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Special emphasis has been given to North East India as many of the studies from this part of the world tried to synthesize functional nanoparticles based on indigenous medicinal plant extract.

Molecular Docking of Some Monoazaphenothiazine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

Purpose: This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activities and molecular docking interactions of some aniline derivatives of monoazaphenothiazine earlier reported. Methods: The antimicrobial activities were determined by agar well diffusion method on Bacillus SPP, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli. The 3D crystal structures of cryptogein complexed with cholesterol molecule, (PDB Code: 1LRI) and glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase (2VF5) complexed with glucosamine 6 phosphate (PDB Code: 2VF5) used for the present molecular docking studies were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Results: Compound 21 was most sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 0.0625 mg/ml while compound 19 was most sensitive to Bacillus spp (MIC = 0.0625 mg/ml). Compound 22 gave the highest binding affinity with 2VF5 (11.51 kcal/ mol). Compounds 21 and 23 showed significant binding affinity for 1LRI comparable to the standard drug fluconazole. Conclusion: The aniline derivatives of monoazaphenothiazines were found to possess interesting antimicrobial activities. The in silico studies showed that the compounds had strong binding interactions with the drug receptors.

Phytochemicals and Medicinal Uses of Red Raspberry: A Review

In western countries, Red Raspberry is the most common fruit used for its medicinal and therapeutic activity. Red raspberries are the good sources of antioxidant polyphenols which have wonderful preventive action against chronic diseases. Ellagitannins and anthocyanins are the most important polyphenolic components of raspberries that have most effective anti-oxidant action. Besides secondary metabolites i.e. phytochemical in the form of polyphenols, Red Raspberries also have presence of various crucial micronutrients like fibers, vitamin C and potassium. Although literature shows very few human studies, we review and summarize some available writings that clarify the potential health benefits and antioxidant action of major polyphenols of red raspberries.