Hippocampal replay of experience at real-world speeds

Representations of past and possible future experiences play a critical role in memory and decision-making processes. The hippocampus expresses these types of representations during sharp-wave ripple (SWR) events, and previous work identified a minority of SWRs that contain “replay” of spatial trajectories at ~20x real-world speeds. Efforts to understand replay typically make multiple assumptions about which events to examine and what sorts of representations constitute replay. We therefore lack a clear understanding of both the prevalence and the range of representational dynamics associated with replay. Here we develop a state space model that uses a combination of movement dynamics of different speeds to capture the spatial content and time evolution of replay during SWRs. Using this model, we find that the large majority of replay events contain spatially coherent, interpretable content. Furthermore, most events progress at real-world, rather than accelerated, movement speeds, consistent with actual experiences.

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Hippocampal replay of experience at real-world speeds

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.64505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Eric L Denovellis ◽

Anna K Gillespie ◽

Michael E Coulter ◽

Marielena Sosa ◽

Jason E Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Critical Role ◽

State Space Model ◽

Movement Speed ◽

Clear Understanding ◽

Space Model ◽

Movement Dynamics ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Past Experiences ◽

Spatial Trajectories

Representations related to past experiences play a critical role in memory and decision-making processes. The rat hippocampus expresses these types of representations during sharp-wave ripple (SWR) events, and previous work identified a minority of SWRs that contain ‘replay’ of spatial trajectories at ∼20x the movement speed of the animal. Efforts to understand replay typically make multiple assumptions about which events to examine and what sorts of representations constitute replay. We therefore lack a clear understanding of both the prevalence and the range of representational dynamics associated with replay. Here, we develop a state space model that uses a combination of movement dynamics of different speeds to capture the spatial content and time evolution of replay during SWRs. Using this model, we find that the large majority of replay events contain spatially coherent, interpretable content. Furthermore, many events progress at real-world, rather than accelerated, movement speeds, consistent with actual experiences.

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The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.001.0001 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Impulse Control ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Impulse Control Disorders ◽

Clear Understanding ◽

Intermittent Explosive Disorder ◽

Normal Behavior ◽

Assessment And Treatment ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Psychopathological Disorders

Impulsivity, to varying degrees, is what underlies human behavior and decision-making processes. As such, a thorough examination of impulsivity allows us to better understand modes of normal behavior and action as well as a range of related psychopathological disorders, including kleptomania, pyromania, trichotillomania, intermittent explosive disorder, and pathological gambling—disorders grouped under the term "impulse control disorders" (ISDs). Recent efforts in the areas of cognitive psychology, neurobiology, and genetics have provided a greater understanding of these behaviors and given way to improved treatment options. The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders provides a clear understanding of the developmental, biological, and phenomenological features of a range of ICDs, as well as detailed approaches to their assessment and treatment. Bringing together founding ICD researchers and leading experts from psychology and psychiatry, this volume reviews the biological underpinnings of impulsivity and the conceptual challenges facing clinicians as they treat individuals with ICDs.

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Investigating the Role of Data-Driven Decision-Making Within School Improvement Processes

Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch077 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1707-1725

Author(s):

Venesser Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Organizational Change ◽

School Improvement ◽

Critical Role ◽

Data Driven ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Data Driven Decision Making ◽

Continuous School Improvement ◽

Decision Making Processes

This chapter provides a detailed literature review exploring the importance of data-driven decision-making processes in current Australian school improvement processes within a context of evidence-based organizational change and development. An investigation into the concept of decision-making and its effect on organizational culture is conducted as change and development are considered to be the new constants in the current discourse around continuous school improvement in schools. In a close examination of literature, this chapter investigates how key factors such as collaboration, communication, and organizational trust are achieved through data-driven decision-making within continuous school improvement processes. The critical role of leadership in sustaining data cultures is also examined for its direct impact on continuous school improvement processes based on evidence-based organizational change and development practices. Future implications of data-driven decision-making to sustain continuous school improvement and accountability processes in Australian schools are discussed.

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Roots of Restraint in War: The Capacities and Limits of Law and the Critical Role of Social Agency in Ameliorating Violence in Armed Conflict

Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies ◽

10.1163/18781527-01001005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 58-75

Author(s):

Dale Stephens

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Armed Conflict ◽

Critical Role ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Self Identity ◽

Applicable Law ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Professional Self ◽

Training Strategies

Abstract International humanitarian law (ihl) primarily applies to govern the conduct of individuals in the most desperate time of human endeavour, namely armed conflict, in order to ameliorate violence. However, understanding how ihl is disseminated, trained and actually applied in the battlespace is, remarkably, a relatively underexplored area. There are countless volumes dedicated to analyzing and parsing the myriad of words and formulas that comprise this burgeoning body of law. However, there is very little empirical analysis undertaken on effective training strategies and even less on tracking nuanced compliance and decision-making processes in actual armed conflict. Against this background, the 2018 icrc study ‘The Roots of Restraint in War’ offers an insightful account of how to best frame training strategies and how to optimize compliance in the battlespace. It consciously adopts an inter-disciplinary approach. It accepts fully the role of social, ethical and moral factors that can orientate decision making in a manner that combines with the applicable law. The goal is restraint in war, of a type that comes not from clinical compliance with complex legal formulas and interpretative rectitude but is derived from a deeper sense of professional self-identity. It acknowledges the risks inherent in its approach and yet, compellingly, offers a blueprint for melding principles of ihl with a sense of personal commitment. Such an approach is to be celebrated for the audacity and courage that it exhibits.

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National Inequality and Individual Readiness to Cooperate

10.31234/osf.io/f79rw ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua Skewes

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Social Welfare ◽

Public Goods ◽

Real World ◽

Behavioral Model ◽

Economic Cooperation ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Economic Games ◽

Public Goods Games ◽

Decision Making Processes

People in societies with higher inequality spend less time volunteering, and participate less in social organizations. Nations with higher inequality spend less money on social welfare, and have more conflict. Laboratory research has shown that when inequality is simulated in cooperative economic games, people who are given more resources contribute less than is optimal, and people who are given fewer resources contribute more. This study links these findings to real world inequality, and applies a model to explain these effects in terms of decision-making processes. Using a dataset of 255 groups playing public goods games in thirteen economically diverse societies, I show that in nations with higher inequality, economic cooperation decays more quickly. Using a behavioral model, I show that this occurs because people living in less equal nations have a lower readiness to match one another’s contributions. I discuss the importance of these results for understanding trust and conflict.

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Automated Decision-Making and Environmental Impact Assessments: Decisions, Data Analysis and Predictions

Law, Technology and Humans ◽

10.5204/lthj.1846 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zoe Nay ◽

Anna Huggins ◽

Felicity Deane

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Environmental Law ◽

Critical Role ◽

Data Driven ◽

Data Driven Decision Making ◽

Environmental Impact Assessments ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Automated Decision Making

This article critically examines the opportunities and challenges that automated decision-making (ADM) poses for environmental impact assessments (EIAs) as a crucial aspect of environmental law. It argues that while fully or partially automating discretionary EIA decisions is legally and technically problematic, there is significant potential for data-driven decision-making tools to provide superior analysis and predictions to better inform EIA processes. Discretionary decision-making is desirable for EIA decisions given the inherent complexity associated with environmental regulation and the prediction of future impacts. This article demonstrates that current ADM tools cannot adequately replicate human discretionary processes for EIAs—even if there is human oversight and review of automated outputs. Instead of fully or partially automating EIA decisions, data-driven decision-making can be more appropriately deployed to enhance data analysis and predictions to optimise EIA decision-making processes. This latter type of ADM can augment decision-making processes without displacing the critical role of human discretion in weighing the complex environmental, social and economic considerations inherent in EIA determinations.

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Does scheduling matter? When unscheduled decision making results in more effective meetings

Journal of Strategy and Management ◽

10.1108/jsma-03-2014-0017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 15-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Boris Eisenbart ◽

Massimo Garbuio ◽

Daniele Mascia ◽

Federica Morandi

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Real World ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Content Type ◽

Distributed Information ◽

Critical Design ◽

Meeting Scheduling ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Potential Impact

Purpose – Managers spend a great deal of time in meetings making decisions critical to organisational success, yet the design aspects of meetings remain largely understudied. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the potential impact of one critical design aspect of meetings – namely, whether a decision to be taken (or the meeting in general) was scheduled or not – on the use of distributed information, information elaboration, conflict, speed of decision making, and, ultimately, decision-making effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The research presented in this paper combines a literature review with empirical data obtained from questionnaires and direct observation of decision making meetings on organisational issues in a hospital. One meeting was scheduled, the other two were unscheduled. A second questionnaire was administered 12 months after the respective decision making meetings to explore and evaluate the efficiency of the decisions made and their implementation. Findings – This paper suggests that a scheduled meeting with a shared agenda of all decisions to be taken may induce decision makers to form opinions upfront at the meeting, with these opinions eventually serving as sources of conflict during group discussion. Because of the nature of the conflict generated, these meetings are more likely to run long and to not deliver the expected outcomes. Originality/value – The study contributes to the debate on group decision-making processes by examining the effect of meeting scheduling on information elaboration and conflict in real-world decision-making settings. Although robust evidence has supported the existence of relationships between information elaboration, conflict, and decision-making effectiveness, previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of these processes during scheduled meetings and experimental settings. The findings of the present study show the effect of meeting scheduling on decision-making effectiveness in real-world settings.

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Business Ethics and the Brain: Rommel Salvador and Robert G. Folger

Business Ethics Quarterly ◽

10.5840/beq20091911 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 1-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Rommel Salvador ◽

Robert G. Folger

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Business Ethics ◽

Ethical Decision ◽

Ethical Decision Making ◽

Critical Role ◽

Ethics Training ◽

Neural Mechanisms ◽

Field Of Study ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACT:Neuroethics, the study of the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying ethical decision-making, is a growing field of study. In this review, we identify and discuss four themes emerging from neuroethics research. First, ethical decision-making appears to be distinct from other types of decision-making processes. Second, ethical decision-making entails more than just conscious reasoning. Third, emotion plays a critical role in ethical decision-making, at least under certain circumstances. Lastly, normative approaches to morality have distinct, underlying neural mechanisms. On the basis of these themes, we draw implications for research in business ethics and the practice of ethics training.

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Real-world decision making in the upstream oil and gas industry—prescriptions for improvement

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj07022 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 329

Author(s):

Steve I Mackie ◽

Steve H Begg ◽

Chris Smith ◽

Matthew Welsh

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Real World ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Gas Industry ◽

The Real ◽

Decision Outcomes ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Decision Making Model

Business under-performance in the upstream oil and gas industry, and the failure of many decisions to return anticipated results, has led to a growing interest in the past few years in understanding the impacts of decision-making processes and their relationship with decision outcomes. Improving oil and gas decision making is, thus, increasingly seen as reliant on an understanding of the processes of decision making in the real world. There has been significant work carried out within the discipline of cognitive psychology, observing how people actually make decisions; however, little is known as to whether these general observations apply to decision making in the upstream oil and gas industry. This paper is a step towards filling this gap by developing the theme of decision-making process. It documents a theoretical decision-making model and a real-world decision-making model that has been distilled from interviews with many Australian upstream oil and gas professionals. The context of discussion is to review the theoretical model (how people should make decisions) and the real-world model (how people do make decisions). By comparing and contrasting the two models we develop a prescriptive list of how to improve the quality of decisions in practice, specifically as it applies in the upstream oil and gas industry.

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